Role of Labor in a Future War

Our experience in previous national emergencies is of only limited value in forecasting future ones and the role of various segments of the population and various social groups within that national emergency

Plaisir et engagement à l’école : une politique d’établissement

Les méthodes de travail et de vie en commun mises en œuvre dans la High School Green School de Brooklyn, New York,  impliquent un engagement individuel des élèves et un investissement fort des enseignants qui n’excluent le plaisir ni dans l’enseignement, ni dans les loisirs au sein de l’établissement. Ces méthodes s’inscrivent dans une évolution majeure de l’éducation américaine issue du mouvement des idées des années 1960. Ce mouvement s’inspire des idées et principes de John Dewey et Paulo Freire.The methods implemented at the Green School in Brooklyn, New York, with regard to work and community life require individual commitment on the part of each pupil and major investment on the part of teachers, while taking full account of the importance of pleasure, both in learning and in the extracurricular activities carried out at the school. They spring from the major changes in American education brought about by the evolution of ideas during the 1960s – an evolution inspired by the ideas and principles of John Dewey and Paulo Freire.Los métodos de trabajo y de vida en común implementados en la High School Green School de Brooklyn, Nueva York, implican un compromiso individual de los alumnos y un fuerte compromiso de los docentes, que no excluyen el placer ni en la enseñanza, ni en las actividades recreativas dentro del establecimiento. Estos métodos se insertan en una importante evolución de la educación americana proveniente del movimiento de las ideas de los años 1960. Este movimiento se inspira en las ideas y principios de John Dewey y Paulo Freire

Blood transfusion in preterm infants improves intestinal tissue oxygenation without alteration in blood flow

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the splanchnic blood flow velocity and oximetry response to blood transfusion in preterm infants according to postnatal age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preterm infants receiving blood transfusion were recruited to three groups: 1–7 (group 1; n = 20), 8–28 (group 2; n = 21) and ≥29 days of life (group 3; n = 18). Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) peak systolic (PSV) and diastolic velocities were measured 30–60 min pre- and post-transfusion using Doppler ultrasound scan. Splanchnic tissue haemoglobin index (sTHI), tissue oxygenation index (sTOI) and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (sFTOE) were measured from 15–20 min before to post-transfusion using near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: The mean pretransfusion Hb in group 1, 2 and 3 was 11, 10 and 9 g/dl, respectively. The mean (SD) pretransfusion SMA PSV in group 1, 2 and 3 was 0·63 (0·32), 0·81 (0·33) and 0·97 (0·40) m/s, respectively, and this did not change significantly following transfusion. The mean (SD) pretransfusion sTOI in group 1, 2 and 3 was 36·7 (19·3), 44·6 (10·4) and 41·3 (10·4)%, respectively. The sTHI and sTOI increased (P < 0·01), and sFTOE decreased (P < 0·01) following transfusion in all groups. On multivariate analysis, changes in SMA PSV and sTOI following blood transfusion were not associated with PDA, feeding, pretransfusion Hb and mean blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Pretransfusion baseline splanchnic tissue oximetry and blood flow velocity varied with postnatal age. Blood transfusion improved intestinal tissue oxygenation without altering mesenteric blood flow velocity irrespective of postnatal ages

Platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes with N-aminoguanidine

N-Aminoguanidine (Amgu) was examined for its behaviour as a ligand for platinum(II) and palladium(II). Protonated AmguH+ can coordinate platinum as a monodentate ligand bound via the N4 amino group. Deprotonated, electrically neutral Amgu forms chelate complexes with both PtII and PdII; in these complexes Amgu is coordinated to the metal by the N4 amino group and the deprotonated N1 imino group, forming a five-membered ring. K[PtCl3(dmso)] reacted with Amgu·HCl to yield a chelate complex with N1 bound trans to S, suggesting that an exchange between the N1 and N4 binding sites followed the primary nucleophilic attack of N4 on platinum. Whereas reactions between K2PdCl4 and Amgu·HCl were rapid and straightforward, K2PtCl4 was easily reduced to metallic platinum by Amgu·HCl, especially in stoichiometric conditions. Solution NMR and X-ray crystallographic characterization is presented for five new complexes: trans-[PtCl2(AmguH-N4)2]Cl2·21/2H2O (3), trans-[Pt(Amgu-N1,N4)2](NO3)2 (4), [PtCl(Amgu-N1,N4)(dmso)]Cl·2H2O (5), [PdCl2(AmguH-N1,N4)] (6), and trans-[Pd(Amgu-N1,N4)2]Cl2 (7