Carrières criminelles collectives : évolution d’une population délinquante (groupes de motards)

Co-offending has not been a major area of research for students of crime careers. This paper, however, offers a preliminary analysis of an extensive set of intelligence files gathered by law enforcement agencies on biker groups over a 14 year period (1974-1988). Data has been collected on size, location, network status, life span and degree of crime involvement of 62 criminally involved adult biker groups having operated in Eastern Canada (Quebec) during that period. Findings show a substantial drop in participating groups. Further, remaining groups have not become larger as shown by the equally substantial drop in the overall core underworld biker population. Alternative explanatory accounts for this overall drop are considered

Urban Climate, Human behavior & Energy consumption: from LCZ mapping to simulation and urban planning (the MapUCE project)

International audienceThe MApUCE project aims to integrate in urban policies and most relevant legal documents quantitative data from urban microclimate, climate and energy.The primary objective of this project is to obtain climate and energy quantitative data from numerical simulations, focusing on urban microclimate and building energy consumption in the residential and service sectors, which represents in France 41% of the final energy consumption. Both aspects are coupled as building energy consumption is highly meteorologically dependent (e.g. domestic heating, air-conditioning) and heat waste impact the Urban Heat Island. We propose to develop, using national databases, a generic and automated method for generating Local Climate Zones (LCZ) for all cities in France, including the urban architectural, geographical and sociological parameters necessary for energy and microclimate simulations.As will be presented, previous projects on adaptation of cities to climate change have shown that human behavior is a very potent level to address energy consumption reduction, as much as urban forms or architectural technologies. Therefore, in order to further refine the coupled urban climate and energy consumption calculations, we will develop within TEB (and its Building Energy Module) a model of energy consumer behavior.The second objective of the project is to propose a methodology to integrate quantitative data in urban policies. Lawyers analyze the potential levers in legal and planning documents. A few “best cases” are also studied, in order to evaluate their performances. Finally, based on urban planning agencies requirements, we will define vectors to include quantified energy-climate data to legal urban planning documents. These vectors have to be understandable by urban planners and contain the relevant information.To meet these challenges, the project is organized around strongly interdisciplinary partners in the following fields: law, urban climate, building energetics, architecture, sociology, geography and meteorology, as well as the national federation of urban planning agencies.In terms of results, the cross-analysis of input urban parameters and urban micro-climate-energy simulated data will be available on-line as standardized maps for each of the studied cities. The urban parameter production tool as well as the models will be available as open-source. LCZ and associated urban (and social!) indicators may be integrated within the WUDAPT database

Deregulation of TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis triggers nuclear factor κB–mediated pathogenic pathways

TDP-43 interacts with and coactivates NF-κB p65 in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, and an NF-κB inhibitor suppresses ALS disease symptoms and neuromuscular junction denervation in an ALS mouse model

Le rôle de l'activation microgliale via le récepteur TLR2 suite à une ischémie cérébrale

Suite à un traumatisme cérébral, les microglies sont impliquées dans la réponse cellulaire inflammatoire. Le passage de la forme quiescente à la forme activée des microglies est associé à l’augmentation marquée du récepteur membranaire TLR2 (Toll-like receptor). Le rôle de ce récepteur sur la récupération fonctionnelle à court et à longs termes demeure incertain. C’est pourquoi cette thèse a pour but de clarifier la dynamique et le rôle de l’activation des microglies en utilisant le récepteur TLR2 comme marqueur suite à une ischémie cérébrale transitoire. Pour ce faire, nous avons entre autre utilisé un modèle murin généré dans le laboratoire, la souris TLR2-luc-GFP, pour étudier de façon longitudinale la réponse inflammatoire in-vivo. En premier lieu, l’activation microgliale, suite à la lésion, a été analysée chez une souris n’exprimant pas le récepteur TLR2. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que l’absence du récepteur TLR2 retarde la réponse immunitaire et cause à long terme une augmentation du volume ischémique. De plus, la perte des récepteurs TLR2 corrèle avec la baisse des niveaux de IGF-1, un facteur anti-apoptotique et neurotrophique exprimé par les microglies dans la région ischémique. En deuxième lieu, nous avons évalué l’effet de l’environnement sur la réponse microgliale suite à une ischémie cérébrale induite par photothrombose. Une baisse d’activation microgliale fut mesurée chez les souris en milieu enrichi et cette diminution est accompagnée d’une meilleure récupération fonctionnelle. En troisième lieu, l’activation microgliale, en absence d’estrogène a été analysée chez une souris ErαKO à la suite d’une ischémie cérébrale transitoire. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que l’absence du récepteur Erα diminue l’activation microgliale. De plus, la voie signalétique JAK/STAT, via la cytokine IL-6, serait préférentiellement utilisée chez ces souris au cours de la réponse inflammatoire. Finalement, cette thèse démontre l’importance de la microglie dans l’établissement de la réponse immunitaire ainsi que dans la récupération fonctionnelle suite à une ischémie cérébrale dans différents modèles. Grâce à une compréhension plus approfondie des mécanismes inflammatoires, la mise en place de stratégies thérapeutiques ne sera que plus efficace.Cerebral ischemia is associated with a strong inflammatory response. Glial activation that ensues contributes to neuronal damage and/or provides trophic support to injured neurons. Activated microglia is one of the key components of the cellular response to CNS injuries and the passage from the quiescent to reactive microglia is associated with an upregulation of a membrane receptor called the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Although upregulation of TLR2 his known to play a major role in the innate immune response, the functional significance and the dynamics of this response in a model of focal cerebral ischemia is still unclear. Therefore, to further clarify the role of TLR2 after a cerebral ischemia, we developed a model system for in vivo, non-invasive analysis of the TLR2 activation in the brain. This thesis is divided in three distinct chapters. In the first chapter the role of the TLR2 signaling and microglial activation in a TLR2KO mouse was investigated beyond 72 hours. This work clearly demonstrates that the lack of TLR2 affects the neuroinflammatory response causing a delayed exacerbation of the ischemic lesion. Furthermore, TLR2 deficient mice reduced levels of IGF-1, a neurotrophic and antiapoptotic factor express by microglial cells. In the second chapter, we evaluated the effect of environmental enrichement on the inflammatory response after phototrombotic stroke in our TLR2-luc-gfp mice. Study of microglial activation showed that multisensory stimulation attenuated TLR2-induced microglial activation, thus leading to a greater neurological outcome. In the third chapter, we crossed TLR2-luc-gfp mice with ErαKO mice to study the effect of a major oestrogen signalling pathway on microglial activation after cerebral ischemia. The lack of Erα receptor reduced microglial activation in normal female mice as well as oestrogen-deprived mice. Likewise a shift toward the JAK/STAT pathway was observed suggesting its implication in the inflammatory process. Finally this thesis illustrates the significant impact of the microglia on the immune response and the recovery after a cerebral ischemia in different mouse models. With this newly acquired knowledge on inflammatory process the establishment of better therapeutic strategy could only benefit from it

Vidéo Youtube "Ferme expérimentale sans pesticides CA-SYS : la recherche européènne fait disruption. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QwD_8hM3D8

National audienc

Reportage chaine You tube " Tous Terriens" Arte, sur l'exploitation de l'agriculteur Alain Krebs, à Suilly-la-Tour, avec les interventions de Stéphane Cordeau sur la plateforme CA-SYS, à Bretenière

sur l'exploitation de l'agriculteur Alain Krebs« Arrêt du glyphosate : les alternatives en Agriculture de conservation des sols », sur Tous TerriensLes expérimentations conduites au sein de la plateforme CA-SYS et dans le réseau de ses agriculteurs partenaires pour tester les alternatives au glyphosate sont mises à l’honneur dans ce reportage signé du journaliste Pierre Girard (Xenius, sur Arte) pour sa chaîne YouTube « Tous Terriens ».Voir ici le reportage sur l'exploitation de l'agriculteur Alain Krebs, à Suilly-la-Tour, avec les interventions de Stéphane Cordeau sur la plateforme CA-SYS, à Bretenière

Using coupled hidden markov chains to estimate colonization and seed bank survival in a metapopulation of annual plants

International audienceThe study of ecological systems is often impeded by components that escape perfect observation, such as the trajectories of moving animals or the status of plant seed banks. These hidden components can be efficiently handled with statistical modeling by using hidden variables, which are often called latent variables.Notably, the hidden variables framework enables us to model an underlying interaction structure between variables (including random effects in regression models) and perform data clustering, which are useful tools in the analysis of ecological data.This book provides an introduction to hidden variables in ecology, through recent works on statistical modeling as well as on estimation in models with latent variables. All models are illustrated with ecological examples involving different types of latent variables at different scales of organization, from individuals to ecosystems. Readers have access to the data and R codes to facilitate understanding of the model and to adapt inference tools to their own data

Des HMM pour estimer la dynamique de la banque de graines chez les plantes

International audienc