207 research outputs found

    Numerical study of the hydrodynamics of regular waves breaking on a sloping beach

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    International audienceIn the last three decades, great improvements have been brought to the knowledge of the hydrodynamics and general processes occurring in the surf zone, widely affected by the breaking of the waves. Nevertheless, the turbulent flow structure is still very complicated to investigate. The aim of this work is to present and discuss the results obtained by simulating twodimensional breaking waves by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, in air and water, coupled with a dynamic subgrid scale turbulence model (Large Eddy Simulation, LES). First, the ability of the numerical tool to capture the crucial features of this complicated turbulent two-phase flow is demonstrated. Numerical results are compared with experimental observations provided by Kimmoun and Branger [1]. Spilling/plunging breaking regular waves are considered. Generally, there is good agreement and the model provides a precise and efficient tool for the simulation of the flow field and wave transformations in the nearshore

    EU ETS, free allocations, and activity level thresholds: the devil lies in the details

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    It is well known that discontinuous jumps or thresholds in tax or subsidies are socially inefficient, because they create incentives to make strategic behavioural changes that lead to substantial increases in private benefits. This paper investigates these distortions in the context of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, where activity level thresholds (ALTs) were introduced in Phase 3 to reduce the overallocation of free allowances to low-activity installations. Using installation-level data, we find evidence that cement producers indeed respond to such thresholds when confronted with low demand, by strategically adjusting output to obtain more free allocation. We estimate that in 2012, ALTs induced excess cement clinker production of 6.4 Mt (5% of total EU output), and in affected regions this further distorted trade patterns and reversed carbon intensity improvements. As intended, ALTs reduced free allocation by 4%; however, a linear scheme (output-based allocation) would have achieved a 32% reduction

    Influence of the thermophoresis on aerosol deposition on warm urban surfaces

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    International audienceIn the case of an accidental or chronic atmospheric pollution by a nuclear plant, aerosols' deposition transfer coefficients must be known. A major issue is to determine the impact of aerosols contained in the radioactive plume on urban areas with the smallest uncertainties

    Simulation des Grandes Echelles de l'hydrodynamique générée par le déferlement d'une houle réguliÚre

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    L'objectif de ce travail est de prĂ©senter les rĂ©sultats de simulations bi- et tridimensionnelles d'une houle rĂ©guliĂšre se propageant et dĂ©ferlant sur une plage en pente. Un outil de simulation des Ă©quations de Navier-Stokes est utilisĂ© pour traiter ce problĂšme d'Ă©coulement turbulent de deux fluides non-miscibles, l'air et l'eau. L'intĂ©rĂȘt est d'accĂ©der Ă  une description complĂšte et prĂ©cise de l'Ă©coulement, devant nous conduire Ă  une meilleure comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes complexes intervenant lors du dĂ©ferlement des vagues. Des comparaisons sont faites avec des rĂ©sultats issus d'expĂ©riences rĂ©alisĂ©es dans un canal Ă  houle, long de 17 m et large de 65 cm. La plage de pente 1/15 est longue de 13 m. La hauteur de crĂȘte Ă  creux de la houle Ă©tudiĂ©e est de 11,38 cm, dans une profondeur moyenne fixĂ©e Ă  70,5 cm. La pĂ©riode de la houle est de 1,275 s. Les diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes du dĂ©ferlement seront prĂ©sentĂ©es et discutĂ©es

    The apparent breastfeeding paradox in very preterm infants: relationship between breast feeding, early weight gain and neurodevelopment based on results from two cohorts, EPIPAGE and LIFT

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    Context: Supplementation of breast milk is difficult once infants suckle the breast and is often discontinued at end of hospitalisation and after discharge. Thus, breastfed preterm infants are exposed to an increased risk of nutritional deficit with a possible consequence on neurodevelopmental outcome. Objective: To assess the relationship between breast feeding at time of discharge, weight gain during hospitalisation and neurodevelopmental outcome. Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: Two large, independent population-based cohorts of very preterm infants: the Loire Infant Follow-up Team (LIFT) and the EPIPAGE cohorts. Patients: 2925 very preterm infants alive at discharge. Main outcome measure: Suboptimal neurodevelopmental outcome, defined as a score in the lower tercile, using Age and Stages Questionnaire at 2 years in LIFT and Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Test at 5 years in EPIPAGE. Two propensity scores for breast feeding at discharge, one for each cohort, were used to reduce bias. Results: Breast feeding at time of discharge concerned only 278/1733 (16%) infants in LIFT and 409/2163 (19%) infants in EPIPAGE cohort. Breast feeding is significantly associated with an increased risk of losing one weight Z-score during hospitalisation (LIFT: n=1463, adjusted odd ratio (aOR)=2.51 (95% CI 1.87 to 3.36); EPIPAGE: n=1417, aOR=1.55 (95% CI 1.14 to 2.12)) and with a decreased risk for a suboptimal neurodevelopmental assessment (LIFT: n=1463, aOR=0.63 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.87); EPIPAGE: n=1441, aOR=0.65 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.89) and an increased chance of having a head circumference Z-score higher than 0.5 at 2 years in LIFT cohort (n=1276, aOR=1.43 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.02)) and at 5 years in EPIPAGE cohort (n=1412, aOR=1.47 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.95)). Conclusions: The observed better neurodevelopment in spite of suboptimal initial weight gain could be termed the 'apparent breastfeeding paradox' in very preterm infants. Regardless of the mechanisms involved, the current data provide encouragement for the use of breast feeding in preterm infants

    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a long-term care facility: hypothesis about selection and transmission

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    Background: many studies have identified long-term care facilities (LTCFs) as reservoirs of patients carrying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, few data about the mechanisms of MRSA diffusion in these settings are available.Objectives: the purpose of our study was to suggest hypothesis on the possible ways of MRSA transmission to residents in or outside a LTCF. Methods: data concerning patients on the day of the survey and within the preceding year were collected. Multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with MRSA carriage. MRSA strains were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the relatedness between DNA patterns was studied with Gel Compar software. Results: the prevalence of MRSA carriage was 37.6%. Treatment with fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins [odds ratio (OR) = 12.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.90–24.7], treatment with other antimicrobial agents (OR = 4.40; 95% CI = 2.43–7.97), at least one medical imaging session (OR = 5.08; 95% CI = 2.66–9.69) within the 12 preceding months, and the presence of a subcutaneous catheter on the day of the survey (OR = 3.09; 95% CI = 1.87–5.10) were independently associated with MRSA carriage. Twenty-eight of the 38 strains tested were clustered in two major groups. In each of these groups, strains had at least a 90% relatedness. These strains were isolated in patients hospitalised in different areas of the LTCF. Conclusion: we identified that both molecular and epidemiological arguments support the hypothesis of the possibility of MRSA cross-transmission inside the LTCF. Further studies are needed to confirm and explain the association identified between MRSA carriage and medical imaging

    RÔLE DE L'OCCUPATION DU SOL VIS À VIS DE LA MODÉLISATION DES FLUX ENERGÉTIQUES ET HYDRIQUES EN MILIEU URBAIN ET PÉRIURBAIN

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    National audienceLe projet Rosenhy vise Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact de l’occupation du sol sur la modĂ©lisation mĂ©tĂ©orologique et hydrologique en termes de flux Ă©nergĂ©tiques et hydriques, en milieu urbain et pĂ©riurbain. Trois sites appartenant aux observatoires français OTHU et ONEVU sont au centre de ce projet. Le quartier urbain hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne du Pin sec (Nantes), impermĂ©abilisĂ© Ă  environ 45%, a fait l’objet d’une campagne expĂ©rimentale durant le mois de juin 2012, visant Ă  estimer les flux de chaleur sensible et latente avec une haute rĂ©solution spatiale et temporelle par rapport aux mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es en continu sur ce site depuis 5 ans. Deux bassins versant pĂ©riurbains (La ChĂ©zine Ă  Nantes et l’Yzeron Ă  Lyon), avec un taux d’impermĂ©abilisation moins important (environ 10%) mais grandissant depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies, sont aussi Ă©tudiĂ©s. Ces deux derniers sites bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un suivi hydromĂ©tĂ©orologique depuis 10 ans pour la ChĂ©zine et 15 ans pour l’Yzeron. Sur ces trois sites, diffĂ©rentes sources de donnĂ©es d’occupation du sol Ă  diffĂ©rentes rĂ©solutions sont disponibles :diffĂ©rentes bases de donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques communĂ©ment utilisĂ©es par la communautĂ© scientifique et les collectivitĂ©s et des donnĂ©es tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tectĂ©es (multispectrales et hyperspectrales). L’utilisation de ces donnĂ©es en entrĂ©e de diffĂ©rents modĂšles mĂ©tĂ©orologiques et hydrologiques implique un travail d’analyse et de classification pour adapter les informations aux besoins des modĂšles. Dans ce projet, les diffĂ©rents modĂšles adaptĂ©s au milieu urbain ou pĂ©rirubain sont Ă©valuĂ©s et amĂ©liorĂ©s. Ainsi, les modĂšles hydrologiques pĂ©rirubains sont en dĂ©veloppement pour prendre en compte les diffĂ©rentes pratiques de gestion des eaux pluviales existantes (noues, toitures vĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es, ...). L’utilisation conjointe des donnĂ©es simulĂ©es par les diffĂ©rents modĂšles aidera Ă  dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle de la part des surfaces naturelles et artificielles sur les bilans Ă©nergĂ©tique et hydrique en milieu plus ou moins urbanisĂ©. Le milieu pĂ©riurbain Ă©tant en Ă©volution, le projet s’intĂ©ressera aussi Ă  des scĂ©narios d’urbanisation prospectifs en regardant d’une part l’impact de la densification sur les scĂ©narios construits pour l’Yzeron lors du projet AVuPUR (ANR-VMCS, 2008-2011) et d’autre part, en rĂ©flĂ©chissant conjointement avec Nantes MĂ©tropole, aux possibles voies d’évolution sur le bassin de la ChĂ©zine
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