KOMPETENSI PUSTAKAWAN KHUSUS DI ABAD KE-21

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Protein fingerprints of cultured CA3-CA1 hippocampal neurons: comparative analysis of the distribution of synaptosomal and cytosolic proteins

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>All studies aimed at understanding complex molecular changes occurring at synapses face the problem of how a complete view of the synaptic proteome and of its changes can be efficiently met. This is highly desirable when synaptic plasticity processes are analyzed since the structure and the biochemistry of neurons and synapses get completely reshaped. Because most molecular studies of synapses are nowadays mainly or at least in part based on protein extracts from neuronal cultures, this is not a feasible option: these simplified versions of the brain tissue on one hand provide an homogeneous pure population of neurons but on the other yield only tiny amounts of proteins, many orders of magnitude smaller than conventional brain tissue. As a way to overcome this limitation and to find a simple way to screen for protein changes at cultured synapses, we have produced and characterized two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) maps of the synaptic proteome of CA3-CA1 hippocampal neurons in culture.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To obtain 2D maps, hippocampal cultures were mass produced and after synaptic maturation, proteins were extracted following subfractionation procedures and separated by 2D gel electrophoresis. Similar maps were obtained for the crude cytosol of cultured neurons and for synaptosomes purified from CA3-CA1 hippocampal tissue. To efficiently compare these different maps some clearly identifiable reference points were molecularly identified by mass spectrometry and immunolabeling methods. This information was used to run a differential analysis and establish homologies and dissimilarities in these 2D protein profiles.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Because reproducible fingerprints of cultured synapses were clearly obtained, we believe that our mapping effort could represent a simple tool to screen for protein expression and/or protein localization changes in CA3-CA1 hippocampal neurons following plasticity.</p

Contraception in chronic kidney disease: a best practice position statement by the Kidney and Pregnancy Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology

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Nivel de la ejecución presupuestal y su incidencia en el logro del programa de incentivos en la Municipalidad Distrital de Baños del Inca durante el periodo 2016

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento de la ejecución presupuestal en el cumplimiento de las metas institucionales dentro del ejercicio presupuestal referidas al Presupuesto Institucional de Apertura, Presupuesto Institucional Modificado, presupuesto ejecutada por fuentes de financiamiento, categoría presupuestal y proyectos de inversión social. Es por ello la importancia del presente trabajo de investigación para mostrar las dificultades con respecto a la ejecución del presupuesto del programa de Incentivos de la Municipalidad Distrital de Baños del Inca, que conllevan a la no satisfacción de acuerdo a las necesidades de la población y por ende no logra alcanzar las metas y objetivos de dicha municipalidad. Para la investigación se ha utilizado los métodos deductivo, descriptivo, analítico y comparativo para evaluar la problemática de la ejecución presupuestal. El objetivo general de la investigación es: Evaluar el nivel de cumplimiento de los planes de ejecución presupuestal y su incidencia en el logro del programa de incentivos de la Municipalidad Distrital de Baños del Inca en el periodo 2016. PALABRAS CLAVE: ejecución presupuestal, logro del Programa de Incentivos; Municipalidad Distrital de Baños del Inca

Outcomes of pregnancies after kidney transplantation: lessons learned from CKD. A comparison of transplanted, nontransplanted chronic kidney disease patients and low-risk pregnancies: a multicenter nationwide analysis.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation (KT) may restore fertility in CKD. The reasons why materno-foetal outcomes are still inferior to the overall population are only partially known. Comparison with the CKD population may offer some useful insights for management and counselling.Aim of this study was to analyse the outcomes of pregnancy after KT, compared with a large population of non-transplanted CKD patients and with low-risk control pregnancies, observed in Italy the new millennium. METHODS: We selected 121 live-born singletons after KT (Italian study group of kidney in pregnancy, national coverage about 75%), 610 live-born singletons in CKD and 1418 low-risk controls recruited in 2 large Italian Units, in the same period (2000-2014). The following outcomes were considered: maternal and foetal death; malformations; preterm delivery; small for gestational age baby (SGA); need for the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); doubling of serum creatinine or increase in CKD stage. Data were analysed according to kidney diseases, renal function (staging according to CKD-EPI), hypertension, maternal age, partity, ethnicity. RESULTS: Materno-foetal outcomes are less favourable in CKD and KT as compared with the low-risk population. CKD stage and hypertension are important determinants of results. KT patients with e-GFR >90 have worse outcomes compared with CKD stage 1 patients; the differences level off when only CKD patients affected by glomerulonephritis or systemic diseases ('progressive CKD') are compared with KT. In the multivariate analysis, risk for preterm and early-preterm delivery was linked to CKD stage (2-5 versus 1: RR 3.42 and 3.78) and hypertension (RR 3.68 and 3.16) while no difference was associated with being a KT or a CKD patient. CONCLUSIONS: The materno-foetal outcomes in patients with kidney transplantation are comparable with those of nontransplanted CKD patients with similar levels of kidney function impairment and progressive and/or immunologic kidney diseas