Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll Arg (Euphorbiaceae) Fruit and Fruit Waste Extracts

Purpose: To investigate the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the fruit and fruit waste (residue and marc) extracts of Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg., known as mamao in Thai, using chemical and cell-based assays.Methods: The cytotoxicity of mamao fruit and fruit waste extracts obtained by expression, maceration and decoction against a panel of six human cancer cell lines (COR-L23, A549, LS174T, PC-3, MCF7 and HeLa) was determined by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. In addition, their antioxidant activities were measured by chemical methods: 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and cell-based methods: nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction assay and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed colorimetrically at 765 nm and 415 nm respectively.Results: Among the test extracts, the ethanol extracts of fresh fruits (FME) and marc left after squeezing fresh fruits (MME) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against human breast MCF7 cells while the extract obtained by decocting the residue left after maceration of dried fruits (RDW) was moderately cytotoxic to lung large cell carcinoma COR-L23 cells. In the chemical assays, the extract obtained by decocting the residue left after maceration of dried marc (RMW) displayed the strongest ABTS radicalscavenging and ferric-reducing activities among the extracts. In the cell-based assays, however, FME and DME exerted potent nitric oxide scavenging activity whereas the extract obtained by decocting the residue left after maceration of fresh fruits (RFW) showed moderate superoxide radical-scavenging activity relative to the test extracts. The ABTS radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activities of these extracts strongly correlate with their phenolic and flavonoid contents, indicating their specific contributions to such activities.Conclusion: The ethanol extracts of fresh and dried mamao fruits exhibit both cytotoxic and cellular antioxidant activities, and thus possess great potentials for application in the development of effective dietary supplements to prevent oxidative stress-induced diseases.Keywords: Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg., Cytotoxicity, Lung cell carcinoma, Antioxidant activity, Cellular assay

Anti-Helicobacter pylori, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic, and Antioxidant Activities of Mace Extracts from Myristica fragrans

The aril (mace) of Myristica fragrans, known as Dok-Chan, is a spice that has long been used for treating stomach discomfort, peptic ulcer, and nausea. It is an ingredient in many remedies in Thai traditional medicine, e.g., Ya-Hom-Thep-Bha-Jit, Ya-Hom-Nao-Wa-Kot, and Ya-That-Bun-Job, which are used to treat dyspepsia and other gastrointestinal tract symptoms. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of mace were used for all tests. Anti-H. pylori activities were determined by the disc diffusion method and agar dilution. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) inhibition in a RAW264.7 cell line, and cytotoxicity was determined against gastric cancer cell lines (Kato III) using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. The DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical cation decolorization assays were used to determine the antioxidant activities. The result found that the ethanolic extract of mace exhibited antimicrobial activity against H. pylori ATCC 43504 and six clinical strains with MIC values of 125–250 μg/ml. The aqueous extract MICs against H. pylori ATCC reference strain and six clinical strains were 500 μg/ml compared with 0.5 μg/ml for the positive control, clarithromycin. The inhibitory effect of LPS-induced NO release and cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract had IC50 values of 82.19 μg/ml and 26.06 μg/ml, respectively, and the EC50 values for the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays were 13.41 μg/ml and 12.44 μg/ml, respectively. The mace extract also had anticancer properties. In conclusion, the ethanolic mace extract had anti-H. pylori, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. These data support further preclinical and clinical investigation to see if the mace extract could have a role in treating patients with dyspepsia, peptic ulcers, and possibly gastric cancer

Calamus caesius (Rattan) wood: Chemical constituents, biological activities’ relative medicinal properties from Thai medicinal scriptures, and in silico antioxidant activity

Calamus caesius is known as Rattan. It was found as a component of many formulas from evidence-based Thai medicinal scriptures but no research about their medicinal properties. We investigated the literature review analysis from Thai medicinal textbooks for proposed biological activity relatives including antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, and chemical profiles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In silico studies were inspected on tyrosinase and NAD(P)H oxidase actions. Thirty formulas from Thai medicinal textbooks found C. caesius as a component with a percent ratio in the range of 1.43 to 14.99, the formula's properties are antipyretic, followed by antidiarrhea, and cure abscesses related to inflammation and infection. Both water extracted and ethanol extracted showed high antioxidant activities in all assays and showed no toxicity in macrophage-like cells and cancer cell lines. The ethanol extracted showed slightly bactericidal better than the water extracted, none of them inhibited against C. albicans. From GC–MS analysis, the highest components of water and ethanol extract are 3-tert-Butylamino-acrylonitrile and β-Sitosterol, respectively. Five chemical compounds revealed in both water and ethanol extracted of C. caesius are 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene; 2,6-dimethoxyphenol; 2-propylphenol; 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol; methyl palmitate. Sterol compounds such as stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, and campesterol from ethanol extracted showed outstanding interaction with both tyrosinase and NADPH oxidase in silico molecular docking study. All outcomes proven that C. caesius has potentially antioxidant effects to support health problems. Additionally, this is the first report on the scientific data of Calamus caesius wood related to its medicinal properties in the formula from Thai medicinal scriptures

Banana (Musa spp.) as a source of bioactive compounds for health promotion

Banana and plantain are monocotyledonous plants belonging to the genus Musa, family Musaceae, and order Zingiberales. All around the world, the importance of banana plant increases with its different applications in pharmaceutical and food industries and in other biotechnologically related processes. This chapter provides an overview of bioactive compounds in banana and biological activities of banana's secondary metabolites. Raw and mature bananas have a characteristic matrix of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, carotenoids, biogenic amines, and phytosterols, which are highly desirable in the diet as they have many positive effects on human health and well-being. Antioxidants serve to keep down the levels of free radicals, permitting them to perform useful biological functions without damaging cells and preventing diseases. Banana peel extract is a potential source of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, with a wide range of medicinal properties, in particular the high free radical scavenging activity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio