Prevalence of Anisakis spp. and Hysterothylacium spp. larvae in teleosts and cephalopods sampled from waters off Sardinia.

A study was carried out on the presence of Anisakis and Hysterothylacium larvae in fish and cephalopods caught in Sardinian waters. A total of 369 specimens of 24 different species of teleosts and 5 species of cephalopods were collected from different fishing areas of Sardinia. Larvae were detected and isolated by both visual inspection and enzymatic digestion. These methods allowed Anisakis type I and type II third-stage larvae and Hysterothylacium third-and fourth-stage larvae to be detected. The prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance were calculated. The results obtained showed the highest prevalence of Anisakidae in Zeus faber (100%) and of Anisakis in Micromesistius poutassou (87.5%). The highest prevalence of Anisakis type I larvae was in M. poutassou (81.2%), and that of Anisakis type II larvae was in Todarodes sagittatus (20%). The highest values for prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance for Hysterothylacium were found in Z. faber. These prevalences and the mean intensity and abundance were higher than those reported by different authors in other Mediterranean areas. This may be because the enzymatic digestive method used in this research resulted in higher recovery levels. The data suggest that Sardinia may be a high-risk area for zoonotic diseases and that measures such as information campaigns, aimed at both sanitary service personnel and consumers, should be employed to limit the spread of such zoonosis. Copyright © International Association for Food Protection

"Protected" marine shelled molluscs: thriving in Greek seafood restaurants

International agreements as well as European and national legislation prohibit exploitation and trading of a number of edible marine shelled molluscs, due to either significant declines in their populations or destructive fishing practices. However, enforcement of existing legislation in Greece is ineffective and many populations of “protected” species continue to decline, mainly due to poaching. The extent of illegal trading of protected bivalves and gastropods in Greek seafood restaurants was investigated by interviewing owners or managers of 219 such restaurants in 92 localities. Interviews were based on questionnaires regarding the frequency of availability in the menus and the origin of twenty-one species or groups of species, among which eight are protected - illegally exploited. Forty-two percent of the surveyed restaurants were found to serve at least one of the protected ¬- illegally exploited species. Among the illegally traded species, Lithophaga lithophaga, Pecten jacobaeus, and Pinnanobilis were served in a relatively high proportion of the surveyed restaurants (22.8%, 19.2%, and 16.4% respectively), outrunning many commercial species. In many cases these species were always or often available (11.4%, 4.6% and 5.0% respectively). There was substantial spatial variation in the proportion of restaurants that illegally served protected species with differing patterns for each species; very high proportions of illegal trading were observed in some marine regions (e.g., date mussels were served in >65% of the seafood restaurants along the coastline of Evvoikos Gulf). In most cases the illegally traded species were of local origin, while there was no finding of illegally imported molluscs from other countries. The strategy for enforcement of existing legislation should be greatly improved otherwise protection of shelled molluscs will remain ineffective

Experimental evaluation of the energy balance in Octopus vulgaris, fed ad libitum on a high-lipid diet

Abstract A complete energy balance equation was estimated for the common octopus Octopus vulgaris at a constant temperature of 20°C, fed ad libitum on anchovy fillet (Engraulis encrasicolus). Energy used for growth and respiration or lost with faeces and excreted ammonia was estimated, along with total energy consumption through food, for six specimens of O. vulgaris (with masses between 114 and 662 g). The energy balance equation was estimated for the specimens at 10-day intervals. During each 10-day interval, food consumed, body mass increase and quantity of faeces voided were measured. The calorific values of octopus flesh, anchovy flesh and faeces were measured by bomb calorimetry. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates were monitored for each specimen during three 24-h experiments and daily oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were estimated. It was found that 58% of the energy consumed was used for respiration. The amount of energy invested in somatic and gonadal growth represented 26% of the total energy budget. The energy discarded through faeces was 13% of consumed energy. The estimated assimilation efficiency (AE) values of O. vulgaris feeding on anchovy (80.9-90.7%) were lower than the AE values estimated for other cephalopod species with different diets of lower lipid content such as crabs or mussels. Specific growth rates (SGR) ranged 0.43-0.95 and were similar to those reported for other high-lipid diets (bogue, sardine) and lower than SGR values found for low-lipid, high-protein diets (squid, crab, natural diet). Ammonia excretion peak (6 h after feeding) followed the one of oxygen consumption (1 h after feeding). The values of atomic oxygen-to-nitrogen (O:N) ratio indicated a protein-dominated metabolism for O. vulgaris

A review of the combined effects of climate change and other local human stressors on the marine environment

Climate change (CC) is a key, global driver of change of marine ecosystems. At local and regional scales, other local human stressors (LS) can interact with CC and modify its effects on marine ecosystems. Understanding the response of the marine environment to the combined effects of CC and LS is crucial to inform marine ecosystem-based management and planning, yet our knowledge of the potential effects of such interactions is fragmented. At a global scale, we explored how cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) have addressed CC in the marine realm and discuss progress and shortcomings of current approaches. For this we conducted a systematic review on how CEAs investigated at different levels of biological organization ecological responses, functional aspects, and the combined effect of CC and HS. Globally, the effects of 52 LS and of 27 CC-related stressors on the marine environment have been studied in combination, such as industrial fisheries with change in temperature, or sea level rise with artisanal fisheries, marine litter, change in sediment load and introduced alien species. CC generally intensified the effects of LS at species level. At trophic groups and ecosystem levels, the effects of CC either intensified or mitigated the effects of other HS depending on the trophic groups or the environmental conditions involved, thus suggesting that the combined effects of CC and LS are context-dependent and vary among and within ecosystems. Our results highlight that large-scale assessments on the spatial interaction and combined effects of CC and LS remain limited. More importantly, our results strengthen the urgent need of CEAs to capture local-scale effects of stressors that can exacerbate climate-induced changes. Ultimately, this will allow identifying management measures that aid counteracting CC effects at relevant scales

Strengthening Angel Shark Conservation in the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea

Angel sharks are among the most threatened species of sharks globally. Twenty-two species have been identified globally so far, with three species being present in the Mediterranean Sea: Squatina aculeata, Squatina oculata, and Squatina squatina. The Mediterranean populations of all three species have been assessed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to the steep decline of their populations as a result of their historical and current overexploitation by demersal fisheries. Therefore, currently there is an ongoing increasing effort for advancing the conservation of the species in the basin. Recently, in the context of the Regional Action Plan for Mediterranean Angel Sharks, the Aegean Sea and Crete have been identified as critical areas for all three species. This study provides the first predictive distribution map of the three angel shark species in the basin, while critical areas for the conservation of the species were identified through a systematic spatial conservation planning analysis. Our analysis revealed low overlapping between the existing MPA network and critical areas for the distribution of the species primarily in Greece and then Turkey, while 20% of the critical areas for the distribution of the species overlaps with Fisheries Restricted Areas of the region. This highlights the need for creating MPAs focusing on shark conservation within the Mediterranean that are currently completely absent. In addition, we provide policy recommendations that can secure better protection of angel sharks through the enforcement of the current legislations and the engagement of all relevant stakeholders.</jats:p

Effect of two extruded diets with different fish and squid meal ratio on growth, digestibility and body composition of Octopus vulgaris

[ES] En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado el crecimiento y la composición corporal del pulpo común (Octopus vulgaris), alimentado con dos dietas extrusionadas con diferente proporción de harina de pescado y calamar (1:1 y 3:1 de harina de pescado:harina de calamar), y una dieta natural a base de cangrejo (Carcinus mediterraneus) y boga (Boops boops). Los animales presentaron una supervivencia del 100% en todos los tratamientos. Los mejores resultados en el crecimiento se obtuvieron en el grupo control, en el que los animales mostraron un SGR de 2.14±0.18% BW/día, seguido de los pulpos alimentados con la dieta FMS, con un crecimiento de 0.59±0.22% BW/día, y por último, el grupo alimentado con la dieta 3FMS, con 0.53±0.22% BW/día. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos FMS y 3FMS. Los animales del grupo control presentaron el mayor índice de glándula digestiva (6.18±0.51), pero no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las tres dietas (5.33±0.62 y 5.82±0.62 en FMS y 3FMS respectivamente). La digestibilidad no estuvo afectada por el tipo de dieta. Los pulpos alimentados con las dietas extrusionadas, mostraron un valor de 86.9% y 89%, en FMS y 3FMS respectivamente. Las dos dietas extrusionadas no mostraron diferencias entre ellas, pero sí respecto a la dieta control, en el caso del músculo y la glándula digestiva, mientras que si que se encontraron diferencias entre las dos dietas experimentales y la dieta control en el caso de los pulpos completos. Los resultados sugieren que la harina de calamar y la harina de pescado pueden ser utilizadas con los mismos resultados en las dietas secas extrusionadas, con buena aceptación, pero la correcta formulación de las dietas extrusionadas debe seguir siendo investigada para poder llegar a obtener crecimientos similares a los obtenidos con las dietas naturales en el caso del pulpo. El presente estudio representa los primeros pasos en la búsqueda de una dieta seca extrusionada para O. vulgaris.[EN] Growth and body composition of Octopus vulgaris fed with two formulated extruded diets based on different ratio of fish and squid meal (1:1, FMS and 3:1, 3FMS, fish meal:squid meal) and a natural diet based on crab (Carcinus mediterraneus) and bogue (Boops boops) were studied in present work. The animals showed a 100% survival rate in all cases. The best growth results were obtained in control group, where the animals showed a SGR 2.14±0.18% BW/day, followed by the octopuses fed the FMS diet with 0.59±0.22% BW/day, and finally, the group fed the 3FMS diet, 0.53±0.22% BW/day. No significant differences were observed between groups FMS and 3FMS. The animals of control group showed the highest digestive gland index (6.18±0.51), but no significant differences were shown between the three groups (5.33±0.62 and 5.82±0.62 in FMS and 3FMS respectively). Digestibility was no affected by the type of diet. Octopuses fed with extruded diets showed an ADC value of 86.9% and 89%, in FMS and 3FMS respectively. The two extruded diets showed no differences between them but differ with the Control diet in case of muscle and digestive gland, while present differences between two extruded diets in case of whole octopus. The results suggest that both shrimp meal and fish meal could be used for dry pelleted extruded diets, with good acceptance, but the correct formulation of extruded diets must be studied in order to obtain a growth similar to the natural one in octopus. The present study reports the first step in the search for an adequate dry pelleted extruded diet for O. vulgarisMonge Ortiz, R. (2012). Effect of two extruded diets with different fish and squid meal ratio on growth, digestibility and body composition of Octopus vulgaris. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/30199Archivo delegad

Η συμβολή των χωρικών μέτρων αλιευτικής διαχείρισης στη βιώσιμη αλιεία και τη θαλάσσια διατήρηση

Area-based management approaches have been widely recognised as a valuable means of sustainably exploiting coastal and marine resources. A variety of area-based management tools exists worldwide under various jurisdictions, spanning from tools regulating specific human activities (e.g., fisheries, shipping, or mining) to multi-sectoral or cross-sectoral tools, such as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Marine Spatial Plans. Notably, international processes such as the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Strategic Plan 2010-2020, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 have committed to the use of area-based management approaches. As defined by the CBD, Area-based Fisheries Management Measures (ABFMs) are formally established, spatially defined fishery management and/ or conservation measures, implemented to achieve one or more specific fishery objectives. Applied currently in most contemporary fisheries management plans and regulations, their outcomes are commonly related to the sustainable use of resources. However, they are increasingly considered broader conservation measures, especially when their implementation protects ecological features or mitigates fisheries’ impacts on biodiversity or ecosystem structure and functioning. ABFMs promote primary, secondary, or ancillary forms of conservation contingent upon their objectives. ABFMs advance primary or secondary conservation outcomes when the conservation benefits produced align with their intended and explicit primary or secondary objectives respectively. Ancillary conservation is facilitated by ABFMs when the management measures are explicitly intended to support the sustainable harvest of the target species but, at the same time, de facto reduce pressure on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. ABFMs promoting ancillary forms of conservation may be considered Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) according to the definition of the CBD Decision 14/8, i.e., non-protected areas, which achieve positive long-term outcomes for the protection of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, functions, and other locally relevant social or economic values. OECMs can contribute to the attainment of Target 14.5 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Target 3 of the CBD Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. According to the latter, specific actions must be taken by 2030 to ensure that at least 30 per cent of land and sea areas globally are conserved through ecologically representative, effectively and equitably managed, and well-connected networks of Protected Areas and OECMs. The objectives of this thesis are to: 1. Identify and map the current distribution of spatiotemporal restrictions on fishing activities in the Aegean Sea and Crete, and provide scientific documentation for fisheries policy research, decision-making, monitoring, control, and enforcement. Also, critically examine the national fisheries' legal framework concerning these restrictions and identify and discuss its weaknesses. 2. Develop a methodological approach for assessing the extent to which Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRAs) may contribute to marine conservation. The Aegean Sea is used as a case study area to assess the degree of attainment of Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 by considering both officially designated MPAs and potential OECMs. The goal is to assist marine managers and decision-makers in the region in their efforts to achieve spatial conservation targets. Also, to support the strategic decision-making in recognising OECMs by developing an operational framework for applying the IUCN-World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) OECMs guidelines, through a multi-criteria decision analysis based on expert judgement. 3. Identify, map, and summarise the existing evidence on how ABFMs applied exclusively for fisheries management have contributed to fisheries sustainability and area-based marine conservation. Also, investigate how the ABFMs' contribution to fisheries sustainability and marine conservation has been assessed and the methodologies employed in relevant research. Knowledge gaps will be identified and discussed. 4. Compile the recommendations proposed globally in the literature for effective area-based fisheries management. This compilation will provide key science-informed recommendations for policymakers, marine managers, and researchers for guiding efforts to rebuild fisheries and conserve marine biodiversity in alignment with the CBD Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. To accomplish the stated objectives, this thesis undertook the following tasks: 1. Conducted an up-to-date systematic review and unofficial codification of the national fisheries legislation. Additionally, an up-to-date systematic review of environmental, archaeological, and maritime legislation related to spatiotemporal restrictions on fishing activities, by all fishing gears, in the Aegean Sea and Crete was carried out (Chapter 2). This included a review of spatio-temporal restrictions established by the European Union and the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. A comprehensive database was built, including detailed information on the identified FRAs. All FRAs were mapped, as polygons in Geographic Information System shapefiles. The national fisheries, environmental, archaeological, and maritime legal framework encompassed 32, 2, 37 and 43 legal acts respectively; EU and GFCM legislation consisted of one Regulation and one Recommendation, respectively. A total of 521 FRAs were identified in the study area with 511 being national (254 established by fisheries, 21 by environmental, 85 by archaeological and 151 by maritime legislation), 6 being EU and 4 being international FRAs. Most (85.2%) of these FRAs were in the Aegean Sea, with the remaining 14.8% in Crete. Towed or mobile gears were restricted in 88.5% of the FRAs, while static gears were restricted in only 10.2% of the FRAs. The primary reasons for regulating fishing activities were the protection of fish stocks (25.3%) and Posidonia oceanica beds (25.0%). Most FRAs (85.4%) imposed permanent closures. National fisheries, environmental, archaeological, maritime, EU and international FRAs covered 25.8%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 0.4%, 13.5% and 22.6% of the study area, respectively. The compiled and produced information is valuable for fisheries managers in reconsidering the establishment of spatio-temporal restrictions on fishing activities, under the provisions of the Common Fisheries Policy and the EU framework for Maritime Spatial Planning. 2. Developed an operational framework to assess the value of FRAs for marine conservation (Chapter 3). This framework contributes to the wider concept of considering OECMs, as complementing conservation efforts and substantially contributing to effectively and equitably achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. A tailor-multi-criteria decision analysis was designed and applied to assess potential OECMs on a case-by-case basis, categorising them according to their effectiveness in contributing to marine biodiversity conservation. This operational framework adhered to the official documentation and guidance provided by the IUCN, serving as a role model for managers and decision-makers in assessing the contribution of FRAs to marine conservation under the OECM concept. This study also offers a review of the conservation status of the Aegean Sea, providing scientific documentation to guide managers and decision-makers in addressing spatial conservation targets. By considering marine Natura 2000 sites as effective MPAs, Aichi Target 11 is achieved (14.94%) at the national level (i.e., within the Greek territorial waters). At the ecoregional level (i.e., including international waters of the Aegean Sea) the target is not achieved (6.66%). It is proposed that, by adding all effective FRAs and several less effective FRAs, under the condition of increasing their effectiveness for conservation, into the network of MPAs and recognising them as OECMs, the conservation target can also be attained at the ecoregional level.3. Conducted a Scoping Review (ScR) to identify and map the evidence base regarding the contribution of ABFMs to fisheries sustainability and marine conservation. The ScR followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the PRISMA statement. A total of 2,391 documents were identified, and following a two-stage screening process, 151 documents were eventually included in the ScR for full review and data extraction. Most documents were published within the last 12 years. Studies had a wide geographical distribution (mainly located in Europe and North America), were primarily conducted at the subnational level, concerned fishing restrictions of towed gears, and assessed ABFMs from a single stock's perspective. Various types of ABFMs were identified, but the use of terminology was inconsistent in the literature. Diverse data collection (primarily experimental surveys/sampling and open data sources) and analysis methods (most commonly, fisheries and ecological analyses and modelling) were applied, often in combination, using various metrics. Knowledge gaps emerged, mainly related to the study of ABFMs networks and the application of an interdisciplinary and ecosystem-based approach in assessing ABFMs. The social, economic, and environmental impact of ABFMs was positive in most cases (56%) and in fewer cases negative (22%) or mixed (14%). This ScR serves as a valuable source for understanding the contribution of ABFMs to rebuilding marine ecosystems and achieving CBD conservation targets through the OECM concept. 4. Undertook a mini-review aimed at providing key recommendations to guide the science-based implementation of effective ABFMs for rebuilding fisheries and conserving marine biodiversity in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework era. This review capitalised on the previous ScR, recording a total of 232 recommended actions. Most of these recommendations pertained to informed and more effective area-based management (n=115) and improved ABFM planning (n=70). Fewer recommendations focused on transparent and inclusive area-based management (n=25) and accountability for and responsiveness to change (n=22). For effective area-based fisheries management, the following actions were recommended: (1) apply informed and more effective management by collecting more, updated and high-quality data, adjusting management measures to research findings, developing regular monitoring schemes and comprehensive management plans, applying interdisciplinary research and reinforcing ABFMs control and surveillance; (2) improve ABFMs planning by considering the complexity of marine ecosystems and interactions between their components and uses, combining ABFMs with other measures, considering socio-economic aspects, designing connective, representative and comprehensive ABFMs and considering ABFMs applicability and transferability; (3) support transparent and inclusive management by reinforcing cooperation across different levels of government and sectors, supporting transparent and equitable governance and increased participation of key stakeholders; and (4) account for and be responsive to change by applying adaptive and dynamic ABFMs and considering climate variation and change. This thesis intends to provide fisheries managers and policymakers with insights into the evidence-based knowledge about ABFMs and contribute to the policy discussion on where an ABFM should be positioned along the continuum of “effectiveness” to qualify as an OECM and contribute, together with MPAs, to the attainment of the CBD spatial targets.Οι χωρικές διαχειριστικές προσεγγίσεις έχουν αναγνωριστεί ευρέως ως αποτελεσματικά μέσα για τη βιώσιμη εκμετάλλευση των παράκτιων και θαλάσσιων πόρων. Μια ποικιλία εργαλείων χωρικής διαχείρισης έχουν αναπτυχθεί και εφαρμοστεί παγκοσμίως υπό διάφορους τύπους δικαιοδοσίας, που περιλαμβάνουν από εργαλεία για τη ρύθμιση συγκεκριμένων ανθρώπινων δραστηριοτήτων π.χ. αλιεία, ναυτιλία ή εξόρυξη έως πολυτομεακά ή διατομεακά εργαλεία, όπως οι Θαλάσσιες Προστατευόμενες Περιοχές και τα Θαλάσσια Χωροταξικά Σχέδια. Η Ατζέντα των Ηνωμένων Εθνών 2030 για τη Βιώσιμη Ανάπτυξη, το Στρατηγικό Σχέδιο της Σύμβασης για τη Βιολογική Ποικιλότητα 2010-2020, το Παγκόσμιο Πλαίσιο για τη Βιολογική Ποικιλότητα Κουνμίγκ-Μόντρεαλ και η Στρατηγική της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για τη Βιοποικιλότητα με ορίζοντα το 2030 είναι μεταξύ των διεθνών πρωτοβουλιών που έχουν δεσμευτεί για τη χρήση χωρικών διαχειριστικών προσεγγίσεων. Σύμφωνα με τον ορισμό της Σύμβασης για τη Βιολογική Ποικιλότητα, τα Χωρικά Μέτρα Αλιευτικής Διαχείρισης είναι επίσημα θεσπισμένα, χωρικά καθορισμένα μέτρα διαχείρισης ή/και διατήρησης της αλιείας, τα οποία εφαρμόζονται για την επίτευξη ενός ή περισσότερων επιδιωκόμενων αλιευτικών αποτελεσμάτων. Τα μέτρα αυτά περιλαμβάνονται στα περισσότερα σύγχρονα σχέδια και κανονισμούς διαχείρισης της αλιείας και τα αποτελέσματά τους σχετίζονται συνήθως με τη βιώσιμη χρήση των αλιευτικών πόρων. Ωστόσο, θεωρούνται όλο και περισσότερο μέτρα διατήρησης υπό την ευρύτερη έννοια, ειδικά όταν η εφαρμογή τους συμβάλει στην προστασία των οικολογικών χαρακτηριστικών ή μετριάζει τις επιπτώσεις της αλιείας στη βιοποικιλότητα ή στη δομή και λειτουργία των οικοσυστημάτων. Η προώθηση πρωτογενών, δευτερογενών ή επικουρικών μορφών διατήρησης από τα Χωρικά Μέτρα Αλιευτικής Διαχείρισης εξαρτάται από τους στόχους τους. Τα Χωρικά Μέτρα Αλιευτικής Διαχείρισης προωθούν πρωτεύοντα ή δευτερεύοντα αποτελέσματα διατήρησης όταν τα οφέλη διατήρησης που παράγονται αντικατοπτρίζουν τους επιδιωκόμενους και ρητούς πρωτεύοντες ή δευτερεύοντες στόχους τους αντίστοιχα. Η επικουρική διατήρηση προωθείται από τα Χωρικά Μέτρα Αλιευτικής Διαχείρισης όταν αυτά αποσκοπούν ρητά να συμβάλουν στη βιώσιμη αλίευση των ειδών-στόχων, αλλά, ταυτόχρονα, να μειώσουν εμπράκτως την πίεση στη βιοποικιλότητα και στη λειτουργία των οικοσυστημάτων. Τα Χωρικά Μέτρα Αλιευτικής Διαχείρισης που προωθούν επικουρικές μορφές διατήρησης, μπορούν να θεωρηθούν Άλλα Αποτελεσματικά Χωρικά Μέτρα Διατήρησης (Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures, OECM) όπως αυτά ορίζονται από την Απόφαση 14/8 της Σύμβασης για τη Βιολογική Ποικιλότητα, δηλαδή, μη Προστατευόμενες Περιοχές, οι οποίες επιτυγχάνουν θετικά μακροπρόθεσμα αποτελέσματα για την προστασία της βιοποικιλότητας και των συναφών υπηρεσιών, λειτουργιών του οικοσυστήματος και άλλων τοπικών συναφών κοινωνικών ή οικονομικών αξιών. Τα Άλλα Αποτελεσματικά Χωρικά Μέτρα Διατήρησης μπορούν να συμβάλουν στην επίτευξη του Στόχου 14.5 της Ατζέντας 2030 για τη Βιώσιμη Ανάπτυξη και του Στόχου 3 του Παγκόσμιου Πλαισίου για τη Βιολογική Ποικιλότητα Κουνμίγκ-Μόντρεαλ. Σύμφωνα με το τελευταίο, θα πρέπει να ληφθούν μέτρα έως το 2030 για να διασφαλιστεί ότι τουλάχιστον το 30% των χερσαίων και θαλάσσιων περιοχών παγκοσμίως θα διατηρηθεί μέσω οικολογικά αντιπροσωπευτικών, αποτελεσματικών, δίκαια διαχειρίσιμων και καλά συνδεδεμένων δικτύων Προστατευόμενων Περιοχών και Άλλων Αποτελεσματικών Χωρικών Μέτρων Διατήρησης. Οι στόχοι της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι: 1.Ο προσδιορισμός και η χαρτογράφηση της τρέχουσας κατανομής των χωρικών μέτρων αλιευτικής διαχείρισης (χωροχρονικοί περιορισμοί άσκησης αλιευτικών δραστηριοτήτων) στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγος και η παροχή επιστημονικής τεκμηρίωσης για την έρευνα αλιευτικής πολιτικής, τη λήψη αποφάσεων, την παρακολούθηση, τον έλεγχο και την επιβολή, καθώς και η κριτική εξέταση του εθνικού νομικού πλαισίου της διαχείρισης της αλιείας σχετικά με αυτούς τους περιορισμούς και ο εντοπισμός και η συζήτηση των αδυναμιών του. 2. Η ανάπτυξη μεθοδολογικής προσέγγισης για την αξιολόγηση του βαθμού συμβολής των χωρικών μέτρων αλιευτικής διαχείρισης στη θαλάσσια διατήρηση, χρησιμοποιώντας το Αιγαίο Πέλαγος ως περιοχή μελέτης περίπτωσης και η ανασκόπηση του βαθμού επίτευξης του Στόχου Άιτσι 11 για τη Βιολογική Ποικιλότητα που επιτυγχάνεται στην περιοχή, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τόσο τις επίσημα θεσπισμένες Θαλάσσιες Προστατευόμενες Περιοχές όσο και τα δυνητικά Άλλα Αποτελεσματικά Χωρικά Μέτρα Διατήρησης, προκειμένου να υποστηριχθούν οι θαλάσσιοι διαχειριστές και οι υπεύθυνοι λήψης αποφάσεων στην περιοχή στις προσπάθειές τους να επιτύχουν τους χωρικούς στόχους διατήρησης. 3. Ο προσδιορισμός, η χαρτογράφηση και η σύνοψη των διαθέσιμων επιστημονικών δεδομένων σχετικά με τον τρόπο με τον οποίο τα Χωρικά Μέτρα Αλιευτικής Διαχείρισης, που έχουν ληφθεί αποκλειστικά για τη διαχείριση της αλιείας, συμβάλλουν στη βιωσιμότητα της αλιείας και στη χωρική θαλάσσια διατήρηση. Επιπλέον, η διερεύνηση των τρόπων αξιολόγησης της συμβολή των Χωρικών Μέτρων Αλιευτικής Διαχείρισης στη βιωσιμότητα της αλιείας και τη θαλάσσια διατήρηση και συγκεκριμένα των μεθοδολογιών που έχουν εφαρμοστεί στη σχετική έρευνα και ο εντοπισμός και η συζήτηση των κενών γνώσης. 4. Η καταγραφή των δράσεων που προτείνονται παγκοσμίως από τη βιβλιογραφία για την αποτελεσματική χωρική αλιευτική διαχείριση και η παροχή βασικών επιστημονικών συστάσεων προς τους υπεύθυνους χάραξης πολιτικής, θαλάσσιους διαχειριστές και ερευνητές για τη βιώσιμη διαχείριση της αλιείας και τη διατήρηση της θαλάσσιας βιοποικιλότητας στην εποχή του Παγκόσμιου Πλαισίου για τη Βιολογική Ποικιλότητα Κουνμίγκ-Μόντρεαλ. Για την επίτευξη των ανωτέρω στόχων, πραγματοποιήθηκε αρχικά συστηματική ανασκόπηση και ανεπίσημη κωδικοποίηση της εθνικής αλιευτικής νομοθεσίας, και παράλληλα συστηματική ανασκόπηση της περιβαλλοντικής, αρχαιολογικής και ναυτιλιακής νομοθεσίας σχετικά με τους χωροχρονικούς περιορισμούς των αλιευτικών δραστηριοτήτων για όλα τα αλιευτικά εργαλεία στο Αιγαίο (Κεφάλαιο 2). Εξετάστηκαν επίσης οι χωροχρονικοί περιορισμοί που έχουν θεσπιστεί στην περιοχή από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση και από τον Περιφερειακό Οργανισμό για τη Διαχείριση της Αλιείας Γενική Επιτροπή για την Αλιεία στη Μεσόγειο. Δημιουργήθηκε μια βάση δεδομένων, η οποία περιλαμβάνει λεπτομερείς πληροφορίες για τις Περιοχές Περιορισμού Αλιείας (ΠΠΑ) που προσδιορίστηκαν. Στη συνέχεια όλες οι ΠΠΑ χαρτογραφήθηκαν ως πολύγωνα σε αρχεία γεωχωρικών δεδομένων σε Σύστημα Γεωγραφικών Πληροφοριών. Το εθνικό αλιευτικό, περιβαλλοντικό, αρχαιολογικό και ναυτιλιακό νομικό πλαίσιο περιλαμβάνει 32, 2, 37 και 43 νομικές πράξεις αντίστοιχα. Η σχετική νομοθεσία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και της Γενικής Επιτροπής για την Αλιεία στη Μεσόγειο περιλαμβάνει έναν κανονισμό και μία σύσταση, αντίστοιχα. Στην περιοχή μελέτης εντοπίστηκαν συνολικά 521 ΠΠΑ, εκ των οποίων οι 511 έχουν θεσπιστεί από την εθνική νομοθεσία (254 από την αλιευτική, 21 από την περιβαλλοντική, 85 από την αρχαιολογική και 151 από τη ναυτιλιακή νομοθεσία). Επιπλέον 6 ΠΠΑ έχουν θεσπιστεί από τη νομοθεσία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και 4 ΠΠΑ από τα νομικά κείμενα της Γενικής Επιτροπής για την Αλιεία στη Μεσόγειο. Το 85,2% των ΠΠΑ εντοπίζεται στο Αιγαίο και το 14,8% στην Κρήτη. Η χρήση συρόμενων ή κινητών αλιευτικών εργαλείων απαγορεύεται στο 88,5% των ΠΠΑ, ενώ η χρήση στατικών εργαλείων απαγορεύεται μόνο στο 10,2% των ΠΠΑ. Η προστασία των ιχθυαποθεμάτων και των λιβαδιών ποσειδωνίας (Posidonia oceanica) είναι οι πιο συνηθισμένοι λόγοι για τον περιορισμό των αλιευτικών δραστηριοτήτων (25,3% και 25,0% αντίστοιχα) στην περιοχή. Οι περισσότερες από τις ΠΠΑ (85,4%) έχουν μόνιμο χαρακτήρα. Οι ΠΠΑ που θεσπίστηκαν από την εθνική αλιευτική, περιβαλλοντική, αρχαιολογική, ναυτιλιακή, ευρωπαϊκή και διεθνή νομοθεσία καλύπτουν το 25,8%, 1,0%, 1,1%, 0,4%, 13,5% και 22,6% της περιοχής μελέτης, αντίστοιχα. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της ενότητας της διατριβής είναι πολύτιμα για τους διαχειριστές αλιείας της περιοχής για την επανεξέταση της θέσπισης χωροχρονικών περιορισμών των αλιευτικών δραστηριοτήτων, σύμφωνα με τις διατάξεις της Κοινής Αλιευτικής Πολιτικής και το πλαισίου της ΕΕ για τον Θαλάσσιο Χωρικό Σχεδιασμό. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύχθηκε ένα επιχειρησιακό πλαίσιο για την αξιολόγηση της αξίας των ΠΠΑ για τη θαλάσσια διατήρηση (Κεφάλαιο 3), υπό την ιδέα της θεώρησης των Άλλων Αποτελεσματικών Μέτρων Διατήρησης, ως συμπληρωματικών προσπαθειών διατήρησης για την αποτελεσματική και δίκαιη επίτευξη του Άιτσι στόχου 11 για τη βιοποικιλότητα. Σχεδιάστηκε και εφαρμόστηκε μια Πολυκριτηριακή Ανάλυση Αποφάσεων, για την αξιολόγηση δυνητικών Άλλων Αποτελεσματικών Χωρικών Μέτρων Διατήρησης και την κατηγοριοποίησή τους ανάλογα με την αποτελεσματικότητά τους ως προς τη συμβολή τους στη διατήρηση της θαλάσσιας βιοποικιλότητας. Η επιλογή και η κατηγοριοποίηση των κριτηρίων, καθώς και η κατάταξη και βαθμολόγηση των κατηγοριών κριτηρίων βασίστηκε στην κρίση εμπειρογνωμόνων. Για τη στάθμιση και την κατάταξη των κριτηρίων εφαρμόστηκε η Διαδικασία Αναλυτικής Ιεράρχησης. Επιπλέον πραγματοποιήθηκε ανασκόπηση της κατάστασης διατήρησης του Αιγαίου Πελάγους αναφορικά με την επίτευξη των χωρικών στόχων διατήρησης στην περιοχή. Θεωρώντας τις περιοχές του δικτύου Natura 2000 ως αποτελεσματικές Θαλάσσιες Προστατευόμενες Περιοχές, ο στόχος Άιτσι 11 επιτυγχάνεται σε εθνικό επίπεδο, δηλαδή εντός των ελληνικών χωρικών υδάτων (14,94%). Σε οικοπεριφερειακό επίπεδο, δηλαδή συμπεριλαμβανομένων των παρακείμενων διεθνών υδάτων του Αιγαίου στα ελληνικά χωρικά ύδατα, ο στόχος δεν επιτυγχάνεται (6,66%). Ο στόχος διατήρησης του 10% μπορεί να επιτευχθεί και σε οικοπεριφερειακό επίπεδο με την αναγνώριση όλων των αποτελεσματικών ΠΠΑ και αρκετών λιγότερο αποτελεσματικών, υπό την προϋπόθεση της αύξησης της αποτελεσματικότητάς τους για τη θαλάσσια διατήρηση, ως Άλλα Αποτελεσματικά Χωρικά Μέτρα Διατήρησης. Η συγκεκριμένη ενότητα παρέχει στους υπεύθυνους λήψης αποφάσεων την επιστημονική τεκμηρίωση που απαιτείται για την επίσημη αναγνώρισή των ΠΠΑ ως Άλλα Αποτελεσματικά Χωρικά Μέτρα Διατήρησης. Ακολούθως πραγματοποιήθηκε μια συστηματική ανασκόπηση

Comportamento de fases de sistemas envolvendo dióxido de carbono supercrítico, ácido levulínico e solventes orgânicos

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Lúcio CorazzaCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Fernando Augusto Pedersen VollDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química. Defesa : Curitiba, 06/03/2020Inclui referências: p. 81-86Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o comportamento de fases em altas pressões de sistemas envolvendo CO2, acetato de etila, succinato de dietila, levulinato de etila, água, etanol e ácido levulínico. O ácido levulínico é um composto de grande interesse para a indústria, e pode ser obtido como subproduto da fermentação de biomassa lignocelulósica. Diversos métodos de extração de ácidos carboxílicos do caldo de fermentação são reportados na literatura, sendo a extração reativa com aminas solubilizadas em 1-octanol, hexano ou querosene alguns dos mais estudados. Porém, devido às desvantagens associadas a utilização desses solventes e aminas, outras alternativas vêm sendo investigadas. A aplicação de CO2 supercrítico e solventes mais limpos, como etanol e ésteres, são uma alternativa aos solventes convencionais. Dados de equilíbrio de fases de sistemas ternários e quaternários envolvendo CO2, ácido levulínico, etanol, levulinato de etila e água são escassos ou inexistentes na literatura. Neste trabalho foram analisados os sistemas binários {CO2 + acetato de etila} e {CO2 + succinato de dietila}, os sistemas ternários {CO2 + ácido levulínico + etanol} e {CO2 + levulinato de etila + etanol} e os sistemas quaternários {CO2 + ácido levulínico + etanol + água} e {CO2 + levulinato de etila + etanol + água} em diferentes razões molares, em uma faixa de temperatura de 303,15 a 358,15 K. Considerando os sistemas estudados, foi observada apenas transição de fase do tipo líquido-vapor (LV) com presença de ponto de bolha (PB) e ponto de orvalho (PO). Para os sistemas ternários observou-se uma diminuição na pressão de transição com a adição de etanol, principalmente para o sistema contendo ácido levulínico. A adição de água aos sistemas ternários levou à um aumento da pressão de transição devido ao efeito hidrofóbico e à interação hidrofóbica. A adição de etanol como co-solvente foi capaz de minimizar a imiscibilidade entre CO2 e água. As pressões de transição para os sistemas ternários e quaternários foram menores para as misturas contendo levulinato de etila. Para os sistemas binários os dados foram modelados utilizando a equação de estado de Peng-Robinson com a regra de mistura quadrática de van der Waals (PR-vdW2). Para os demais sistemas a modelagem foi realizada utilizando a equação de estado Peng Robinson com a função alfa de Boston-Matias (PR-BM) e a regra de mistura quadrática de van der Waals. A equação cúbica com regra de mistura clássica não foi capaz de prever satisfatoriamente o comportamento de fases dos sistemas ternários e quaternários, devido à alta polaridade e presença de pontes de hidrogênio. Equações de estado mais robustas são necessárias para modelar sistemas altamente polares. Palavras-chave: Equilíbrio de fases, Ácido levulínico, CO2 supercrítico, Métodos de extração.Abstract: The main goal of this work is to investigate the phase behavior at high pressures of systems involving CO2, ethyl acetate, diethyl succinate, ethyl levulinate, water and levulinic acid. Levunic acid is a compound of great interest to the industry and can be obtained as a byproduct of lignocellulosic biomass fermentation. Several methods of carboxylic acid extraction from the fermentation broth are reported in literature, being the reactive extraction with amines solubilized in 1-octanol, hexane or kerosene some of the most studied ones. However, due to the disadvantages associated with the use of these solvents and amines, other alternatives are being investigated. The application of supercritical carbon dioxide and cleaner solvents, such as ethanol and esters, are an alternative to the conventional solvents. Phase equilibrium data from ternary and quaternary systems involving CO2, levulinic acid, ethanol, ethyl levulinate and water are scarce or nonexistent in literature. In this work the binary systems {CO2 + diethyl succinate} and {CO2 + ethyl acetate}, the ternary systems {CO2 + levulinic acid + ethanol} and {CO2 + ethyl levulinate + ethanol}, and the quaternary systems {CO2 + levulinic acid + ethanol + water} and {CO2 + ethyl levulinate + ethanol + water} in different molar ratios, in a temperature range of 303.15 - 358.15 K, are investigated. Regarding the studied systems, only vaporliquid (VL) phase transition was observed with presence of bubble point (BP) and dew point (DP). For ternary systems, a decrease in transition pressure was observed with the addition of ethanol, especially for the systems containing levulinic acid. The addition of water to the ternary system led to an increase in the transition pressure due to the hydrophobic effect and hydrophobic interaction. The addition of ethanol as co-solvent was able to minimize the immiscibility between CO2 and water. The transition pressures for the ternary and quaternary systems were lower for mixtures containing ethyl levulinate. For the binary systems the data were modeled using the Peng-Robinson equation of state with the van der Waals quadratic mixing rule (PRvdW2). For the other systems, modeling was performed using the Peng-Robinson equation of state with the Boston-Mathias alpha function (PR-BM) and the van der Waals quadratic mixing rule. The cubic equation with classical mixing rule was not able to satisfactorily predict the phase behavior of the ternary and quaternary systems, due to the high polarity and the presence of hydrogen bonds. More complex state equations are needed to model high polar systems. Keywords: Phase equilibrium, Levulinic acid, Supercritical CO2, Extraction methods

Experimental evaluation of the energy balance in Octopus vulgaris, fed ad libitum on a high-lipid diet

A complete energy balance equation was estimated for the common octopus Octopus vulgaris at a constant temperature of 20°C, fed ad libitum on anchovy fillet (Engraulis encrasicolus). Energy used for growth and respiration or lost with faeces and excreted ammonia was estimated, along with total energy consumption through food, for six specimens of O. vulgaris (with masses between 114 and 662 g). The energy balance equation was estimated for the specimens at 10-day intervals. During each 10-day interval, food consumed, body mass increase and quantity of faeces voided were measured. The calorific values of octopus flesh, anchovy flesh and faeces were measured by bomb calorimetry. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates were monitored for each specimen during three 24-h experiments and daily oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were estimated. It was found that 58% of the energy consumed was used for respiration. The amount of energy invested in somatic and gonadal growth represented 26% of the total energy budget. The energy discarded through faeces was 13% of consumed energy. The estimated assimilation efficiency (AE) values of O. vulgaris feeding on anchovy (80.9-90.7%) were lower than the AE values estimated for other cephalopod species with different diets of lower lipid content such as crabs or mussels. Specific growth rates (SGR) ranged 0.43-0.95 and were similar to those reported for other high-lipid diets (bogue, sardine) and lower than SGR values found for low-lipid, high-protein diets (squid, crab, natural diet). Ammonia excretion peak (6 h after feeding) followed the one of oxygen consumption (1 h after feeding). The values of atomic oxygen-to-nitrogen (O:N) ratio indicated a protein-dominated metabolism for O. vulgaris. © Springer-Verlag 2005