Análise de fatores regulatórios na variação interpopulacional e na composição das comunidades de culicidae (Diptera)

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Mário Antônio Navarro da SilvaCo-orientador : F.C. Prof. Dr. Mauricio O. MouraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia). Defesa: Curitiba, 22/09/2014Inclui referências : f.91-96Área de concentração : EntomologiaResumo: Os padrões de ocorrência e distribuição de espécies biológicas são formados pelas respostas dos indivíduos a mecanismos como competição, predação e fatores abióticos. A análise das relações entre descritores estruturais das comunidades (riqueza e abundância) com parâmetros de complexidade do hábitat e distribuição espacial de recursos é uma forma de quantificar a influência dessas variáveis na ocorrência e distribuição de espécies. A contínua e intensa degradação ambiental pode influenciar no comportamento, capacidade vetorial e outras características da população de diferentes espécies de Culicidae, sendo estratégico determinar quais os fatores responsáveis pela estruturação das comunidades, a escala em que estes fatores atuam, bem como o papel da evolução na formação destes padrões. Esta tese intitulada "Análise de fatores regulatórios na variação interpopulacional e na composição das comunidades de Culicidae (Diptera)" é dividida em dois capítulos com objetivos que contemplam duas escalas de análise (comunidade e população) buscando determinar como as variáveis ambientais e espaciais influenciam nos processos ecológicos. No primeiro capítulo, "Influência de fatores ambientais e espaciais na composição das comunidades de Culicidae (Diptera) no Estado do Paraná", testa-se o papel relativo de características do espaço e do ambiente na estruturação das comunidades de Culicidae no Estado do Paraná. Como resultados principais, foi registrada para o Estado do Paraná a ocorrência de 188 espécies de Culicidae, em 48 municípios. A Floresta Ombrófila detém maior número de espécies similares, enquanto a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual possui a diversidade mais elevada. Não há evidência que a dispersão altera a dinâmica que foi encontrada dentro da área estudada indicando que as comunidades foram estruturadas pela história de vida e de habitat. O segundo capítulo, "Variação interpopulacional de Stegomyia (Stegomyia) aegypti L. (Diptera, Culicidae) em três regiões do Brasil", estima-se qual o papel das variáveis ambientais e climáticas na estruturação fenotípica da população ao longo do território nacional. Sendo que as alterações na forma encontradas distribuem-se da base ao ápice da asa, e de maneira geral. A variação no formato das asas indica que a alteração no fenótipo dos indivíduos é uma resposta à pressão local do ambiente e da ação antrópica. Palavras chave: Distribuição de espécies, Fatores Abióticos, Estruturação fenotípica, Pressão de seleção.Abstract: The patterns of occurrence and distribution of biological species are formed by the responses of individuals to mechanisms such as competition, predation and abiotic factors. The analysis of the relationship between structural descriptors community (richness and abundance) with complexity parameters of habitat and spatial distribution of resources is a way to quantify the influence of these variables on the occurrence and distribution of species. The continued and the intense environmental change can affect behavior, vectorial capacity and other characteristics of the population of different species of Culicidae, wherein strategic to determine which factors are responsible for the structuring of communities, the scale at which these factors act as well the role of evolution in the formation of these standards. This thesis entitled "Analysis of regulatory factors in inter-population variation and on composition of Culicidae communities (Diptera)" is divided into two chapters with goals that include two scales of analysis (community and population) seeking to determine how the environmental and spatial variables influence in ecological processes. In the first chapter, "The influence of environmental and spatial factors in the composition of communities Culicidae (Diptera) in Paraná," we test the relative role of space and environment characteristics in the structuring of Culicidae communities in the state of Paraná. As main results were recorded for the State of Paraná the occurrence of 188 species of Culicidae, in 48 municipalities. The Rain Forest holds larger number of similar species, while the Semideciduous Forest has the highest diversity. There is no evidence that the dispersion changes the dynamics found within the study area indicating that communities were structured by life history and habitat. The second chapter, "Interpopulational variation of Stegomyia (Stegomyia) aegypti L. (Diptera, Culicidae) in three regions of Brazil," it is estimated the role of environmental and climate variables in the phenotypic structure of the population throughout the country. The changes in the form found are distributed from the base to the apex of the wing, and in general way. The variation in the shape of wings indicates that the change in the phenotype of individuals is a response to local pressure of the environment and human activities. Keywords: Species distribution, Abiotic factors, Phenotypic structure, Selection pressure

Fauna de Culicidae (Diptera) em remanescente do bioma de Mata Atlântica, Antonina, Paraná

Resumo: No ecossistema de Mata Atlântica podemos encontrar uma série de nichos que potencialmente podem ser explorados pelos imaturos e adultos de Culicidae. O conhecimento da diversidade desta família de Diptera e sua relação com o ambiente também apresenta aspecto de relevância para saúde pública, já que algumas espécies são vetores de agentes etiológicos ao homem e animais. Determinar a composição específica desta fauna, sob determinadas condições, pode revelar novas informações sobre a comunidade e suas relações ecológicas. Foi desenvolvida investigação em área de preservação situada no bioma de Mata Atlântica, denominada Reserva Natural do Morro da Mina, localizada município de Antonina, litoral do Estado Paraná, Brasil. No passado esta área sofreu intensa exploração de recursos minerais, principalmente minério de ferro entre as décadas de 1930 e 1980, induzindo mudanças na sua cobertura vegetal, que desde o encerramento das atividades de extração de minério está passando por processo de recuperação de sua cobertura vegetal. Buscou-se através de comparações entre fatores bióticos e abióticos determinar a composição de Culicidae nesse bioma, avaliando a presença de diferentes espécies em três intervalos horários entre os crepúsculos e indicar o possível nível de conservação da área. Foram realizadas 16 incursões de captura de Culicidae no ambiente florestal, com auxílio da Armadilha de Shannon no período de julho de 2008 a junho de 2009, com periodicidade média entre as coletas de 20 dias. No interior da armadilha foi instalada fonte luminosa de 60W. A armadilha foi operada em três intervalos com duração de três horas cada, nos períodos crepusculares, vespertino e matutino e em um intervalo noturno intermediário entre os crepúsculos. Na análise das características ecológicas da comunidade, foram utilizados os índices de diversidade de Shannon, equitabilidade de Pielou, dominância de Berger-Parker e similaridade de Simpson. A freqüência dos espécimes também foi comparada com os fatores abióticos, temperatura, umidade relativa e pluviosidade. Buscou-se através destas comparações, entre fatores bióticos e abióticos, determinar a composição de Culicidae nesse bioma, avaliando a presença de diferentes espécies indicando o nível de conservação da localidade. Foram capturadas um total de 7410 fêmeas de Culicidae, representando 12 gêneros e 48 espécies. Os gêneros mais abundantes foram Anopheles, Culex, Coquillettidia, Aedes e Runchomyia. Quanto à riqueza, três gêneros foram predominantes Culex, Wyeomyia e Anopheles. As variáveis climáticas não explicaram a totalidade da abundância das espécies, embora fossem constatadas correlações de algumas espécies com estas variáveis. Porém, determinados valores sugerem uma faixa ótima de incidência das espécies de Culicidae. Para Culicidae, a área oferece determinadas características úteis para a sua sobrevivência e reprodução. Entre as espécies capturadas destaca-se Anopheles cruzii com relativa importância devido à participação no ciclo da malária em área de Mata Atlântic

Efficacy and safety of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir ± Ribavirin for HCV in Brazilian adults with advanced fibrosis

Introduction and aim. Approximately 650,000 people in Brazil have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of ombitasvir (OBV)/paritaprevir (PTV)/ritonavir (r) plus dasabuvir (DSV) with/without ribavirin (RBV) in an openlabel multicenter phase 3b trial in treatment-naive or interferon (IFN) treatment-experienced Brazilian patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis (METAVIR F3/4) and HCV genotype (GT) 1 infection. Material and methods. All patients received coformulated OBV/ PTV/r daily + DSV twice daily (3-DAA). GT1a-infected patients received 3-DAA plus RBV for 12 weeks, except for prior pegIFN/ RBV nonresponders with cirrhosis who were treated for 24 weeks. GT1b-infected patients received 3-DAA alone (F3) or in combination with RBV (F4) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response (HCV RNA < 15 IU/mL) at post-treatment Week 12 (SVR12). Results. The study enrolled 222 patients, 214 achieved an SVR12 (96.4%; 95% CI, 93.1-98.2%), one GT1a-infected patient experienced virologic breakthrough, six (5 GT1a) relapsed, and one was lost to follow-up. SVR12 was achieved in 111/ 112 (99.1%) GT1b-infected patients, including 42/43 (97.7%) noncirrhotic, and 69/69 (100%) cirrhotic patients; and in 103/110 (93.6%) GT1a-infected patients, including 44/46 (95.7%) noncirrhotic and 59/64 (92.2%) cirrhotic patients. Overall there was a low rate of serious adverse events (n = 6, 2.7%). One patient experienced a treatment-related serious adverse event and one patient discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. Discussion. The results confirm that the 3-DAA regimen with/without RBV is well tolerated and had a favorable safety profile and is efficacious in GT1-infected patients with advanced fibrosis (METAVIR F3/4)

Variáveis determinantes do desempenho em provas de curta duração em nadadores masters

Vinte e quatro nadadores masters participaram no estudo (42.0 ± 7.4 anos, 1.74 ± 0.09 m, 74.8 ± 14.1 kg). Salto vertical com contra movimento (CMJ) e lançamento da bola medicinal (BM) de 3kg foram realizados. Em piscina de 25 m, cada nadador completou 50 m com partida dentro de água em nado crol, tendo sido registado o desempenho aos 25 e 50 m (T25, T50). A velocidade crítica anaeróbia (VCaN) foi determinada através do declive da relação distância-tempo (Dd-t) nas duas distâncias de nado. T25 e T50 (respetivamente 19.0 ± 2.7-seg e 38.8 ± 6.4-seg) revelaram-se correlacionados com CMJ (27.2 ± 5.0 m) (respetivamente, r = -0,78 e -0.73, p < 0.01) e BM (4.3 ± 1.0 m) (r = -0.68 e -0.58 , p < 0.01). A VCaN25,50 (1.31 ± 0.23 m.s-1) revelou-se correlacionada com o T25 (r = -0.92, p < 0.01) e o T50 (r = -0.98, p < 0.01). Os parâmetros de força revelam-se importantes no desempenho em meio aquático em nadadores masters e a VCaN poderá ser relevante no treino de nadadores masters.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relationship between body composition, anthropometry and physical fitness in under-12 soccer players of different positions

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body composition, anthropometry and physical fitness in under-12 soccer players who play in different positions. Eighteen players underwent a battery of tests, in body composition and anthropometry significant differences were observed in weight (44.0 ± 4.6 vs. 35.6 ± 4.0 kg; p = 0.04) and body mass index (18.1 ± 1.0 vs. 16.1 ± 1.2 kg/cm2; p = 0.01) between defensive and midfield players. In physical fitness differences occurred between the results in handgrip strength between defenders and forwards (21.3 ± 2.8 vs. 25.4 ± 3.7 kg; p = 0.04) and midfielders and forwards (20.5 ± 2.0 vs. 25.4 ± 3.7 kg; p = 0.04). Correlations occurred in the soccer defenders between body fat and the result of the agility test (r = -0.85, p <0.01). In the midfield players there was a correlation between height and countermovement jump (r = -0.91, p <0.05). It was also observed in the forward players a correlation between speed and agility (r = 0.88, p <0.05) and between agility and other two variables, body fat (r = 0.84, p <0.05) and handgrip strength (r = -0.93, p <0.01). A positive relationship between the aerobic performance and countermovement jump was also observed (r = 0.96, p <0.01), and a negative relationship between the aerobic performance and weight (r = -0.88, p <0.05). Under-12 soccer players should be involved in specific strength training and functional performance evaluated using scientific instruments for talent identification and training control.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The effects of 12 weeks in-water training in stroke kinematics, dry-land power, and swimming sprints performance in master swimmers

Background: Master swimming is becoming increasingly popular, but research related to the training process and its effect on this population is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks in-water training in stroke kinematics, dry-land power, and swimming sprints performance in master swimmers, and the relationships between these variables in this sports population. Methods: 15 healthy and physically active male master swimmers (age 32.3 ± 5.1 years, height 1.81 ± 0.04 m, body mass 77.0 ± 6.5 kg, training experience of 11 ± 4 years and average swimming training volume ~2.5 km/day, 3 times a week) participated in the study. Previously and after the intervention program, entirely water-based, swimmers were tested in a dry-land environment to assess their upper and lower body limbs (UL and LL) strength through power measurements, namely countermovement jumps (CMJ), seated 3 kg medicine ball throwing (MBT) and maximal isometric strength with handgrip (HG). In-water 50 m maximal front crawl swimming test was also completed. Swimming performance at 15, 25, and 50 m (T15, T25, and T50) was determined, and the associated stroke kinematics. During the intervention program period, swimming training comprised three sessions per week (7.5 ± 0.9 km per microcycle), with low to high-intensity aerobic and anaerobic swimming series and technical drills. Results: T25 significantly decreased after 12 weeks of training (18.82 ± 2.92 vs. 18.60 ± 2.87 sec, p = 0.02), the same was observed in the case of T50 (40.36 ± 7.54 vs. 38.32 ± 6.41 sec, p = 0.00). Changes in stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) in swimming performance at 15 m were not observed, contrarily to 25 and 50 m, where SL and SI significantly increased. MBT and HG improved, but not CMJ, and improvements in T15, T25 and T50 were mostly related to kinematic proficiency improvement. Conclusions: 12 weeks of in-water training in master swimmers significantly enhance performance time in 25 and 50 m front crawl swimming. SL and SI are also improved and are the variables that most influence T15, T25 and T50 when compared to SR and dry-land power variables. Centering the training process not only in in-water tasks in master swimmers seem to be of relevant interest since age influences stroke kinematic and power variables.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ocular Biometry and its Relationship with Body Size and Head in French Bulldog Dogs

Background: Ocular biometrics is an easy to perform, safe, non-invasive and low-cost exam that provides immediate results with excellent definition. Brachycephalic dogs have a high risk of developing eye problems, and the early appearance is frequent due to factors linked to anatomical conformation. The aim of the present study was to perform eye biometrics in French Bulldog dogs through ultrasound, correlating with body and head size.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical examination, ophthalmic examination and ocular biometrics were performed using B-mode ultrasonography, using a 10 megahertz frequency transducer in 30 French Bulldog dogs, aged 1-6 years old, male and females from the Br Lord's Staff kennel and the Radiovet - Rio de Janeiro veterinary clinic. A drop of anesthetic eye drops containing 1% tetracaine hydrochloride and 0.1% phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled and the direct contact technique was performed with the cornea with the help of sterile water-soluble lubricating acoustic gel between the transducer and the examined eye. These measurements were correlated with cephalic measurements (frontal-occipital distance, skull circumference, distance between the zygomatic arches and frontal-nasal distance) and with body measurements (length of the dog from the cranial end of the sternum to the ischial tuberosity and height of the withers from the cranial angle of the scapula to the ground). No chemical restraint was necessary. Dogs were positioned seated or in sternal decubitus, with slight physical restraint. All measurements were performed by the same examiner. There was no significant difference between the parameters of male and female eye biometrics and there was no difference between the measurements of the right and left eyes. The mean value of axial bulb length was 19.51 ± 0.58 mm, for the thickness of the lens, 6.71 ± 0.66 mm, for depth of the anterior chamber, 2.36 ± 0.89 mm and for the depth of the vitreous chamber, 10.44 ± 1.32 mm, showing the same pattern as other studies with brachycephalic dogs. The size of the dog or skull did not interfere with the measurements of eye biometrics.Discussion: The French Bulldog breed was selected for this study due to the scarcity of publications on ocular biometrics in brachycephalic breeds.The knowledge of ocular biometrics is extremely important for the understanding and early diagnosis of some anomalies related to the growth of ocular structures. It is an essential method of exploration and diagnosis of diseases of the eye bulb and orbit, being indicated to evaluate variations in size, shape and position of the eye bulb. The casuistry of these dogs with eye diseases in the ophthalmological clinical routine is large, since they have a high risk of developing eye problems. Ultrasonography is an easy to access and safe, non-invasive exam and the direct corneal contact technique allows clearer images. As there was no significant difference in measurements of intraocular structures between the right and left eyes, the normal eye can be a reliable parameter to establish the prosthetic eye bulb for the injured or enucleated eye. In the present study, there were 21 females and 9 males, which may have generated interference in these values since there was no sex ratio. The measurements of axial length, lenticular thickness, depth of the anterior chamber and the vitreous chamber had values similar to other studies with brachycephalic dogs