A simple explanation for the 66.7% limiting values in trad analysis

Simple explanation for limiting values in tetrad analysi

Patterns of practice of regional nodal irradiation in breast cancer: results of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) NOdal Radiotherapy (NORA) survey†

Predicting breast cancer outcome based on SLN node status without ALND is currently an area of uncertainty in SLN+ patients. These uncertainties influence the decision-making of adjuvant nodal irradiation. The NORA Survey was designed to examine the patterns of RNI practice in Europe to provide a basis for designing future trials in areas of equipoise in clinical decision-making concerning RN

A fast and long-lived outflow from the supermassive black hole in NGC 5548

Supermassive black holes in the nuclei of active galaxies expel large amounts of matter through powerful winds of ionized gas. The archetypal active galaxy NGC 5548 has been studied for decades, and high-resolution X-ray and UV observations have previously shown a persistent ionized outflow. An observing campaign in 2013 with six space observatories shows the nucleus to be obscured by a long-lasting, clumpy stream of ionized gas never seen before. It blocks 90% of the soft X-ray emission and causes simultaneous deep, broad UV absorption troughs. The outflow velocities of this gas are up to five times faster than those in the persistent outflow, and at a distance of only a few light days from the nucleus, it may likely originate from the accretion disk.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figures. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the AAAS for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Science, electronically available at Science Express (June 19, 2014). For a brief video explaining the key results of this paper, please visit http://www.issibern.ch/teams/ngc5548/?page_id=2

Fungal colonization in Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Epidemiology and antifungal resistance in a French cohort of CF patients – Focused on Aspergillus fumigatus colonization

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the major genetic inherited disease in the European Caucasian population, with an average of 1 in 3000 living births in France. Prognostic depend essentially on the lung impairments. While considerable attention therefore has been paid over recent decades to prevent and treat bacterial respiratory infections, we observed emergence of fungi colonization in CF respiratory tract. In particular, Aspergillus fumigatus represents the most common causative agent colonizing the airways of CF patients; it can be responsible for Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA). Since oral corticosteroids and itraconazole represent the mainstay of ABPA treatment, long-term therapy may increase the risk of acquired resistance to azoles that is mainly associated with amino acid substitutions in the CYP51A gene of A. fumigatus. Objective: First, we managed to have exhaustive epidemiological data on species of filamentous fungi able to colonize the airway tract of 300 CF patients followed-up in our national prospective study ("MucoFong" study – PHRC1902). Second, CF patients being chronically exposed to azole (especially to itraconazole), our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of azole resistance in isolates prospectively collected from CF patients followed-up in seven French hospitals involved in our national prospective study. Third, we focused on the most prevalent species: Aspergillus fumigatus, studying the azole resistance at molecular level. To our knowledge, it is the first multicenter study focused on azole resistance of A. fumigatus in CF. Methods: A total of 243 sputa were analyzed using the same protocol in each centre. The MICs of antifungal drugs were evaluated for each isolate using the E-test ® strips. Focusing on A. fumigatus, a total of 87 isolates was collected in 85 patients. These isolates were characterized at the molecular level by targeting ITS, ß-tubulin and MAT-A/α genes. The CYP51A gene as well as its promoter was sequenced; a 3D Cyp51A protein homology model was built. Results and discussion: 300 patients were enrolled in this study. At inclusion time, most of them were adults colonized with A. fumigatus (about 35% of the patients). Scedosporium was isolated in 5%, and Exophiala in about 2%. Regarding antifungal susceptibility, isolates of Scedosporium and Exophiala exhibited antifungal resistance comparable with published data. Regarding A. fumigatus, a majority of isolates (88.1%) were found sensitive to itraconazole (MIC≤ 2μg/ml), and 2 new mutations were identified and localized within 3-dimensional Cyp51A protein model. To obtain insight into azole resistance of A. fumigatus, the results are analyzed taking into account clinical data, itraconazole exposition, and the potential correlation between the identified CYP5IA mutations and azole resistance is discussed based on the Cyp51A protein homology model

Chaotic dynamics of electric-field domains in periodically driven superlattices

Self-sustained time-dependent current oscillations under dc voltage bias have been observed in recent experiments on n-doped semiconductor superlattices with sequential resonant tunneling. The current oscillations are caused by the motion and recycling of the domain wall separating low- and high-electric- field regions of the superlattice, as the analysis of a discrete drift model shows and experimental evidence supports. Numerical simulation shows that different nonlinear dynamical regimes of the domain wall appear when an external microwave signal is superimposed on the dc bias and its driving frequency and driving amplitude vary. On the frequency - amplitude parameter plane, there are regions of entrainment and quasiperiodicity forming Arnol'd tongues. Chaos is demonstrated to appear at the boundaries of the tongues and in the regions where they overlap. Coexistence of up to four electric-field domains randomly nucleated in space is detected under ac+dc driving.Comment: 9 pages, LaTex, RevTex. 12 uuencoded figures (1.8M) should be requested by e-mail from the autho

Electrically tunable GHz oscillations in doped GaAs-AlAs superlattices

Tunable oscillatory modes of electric-field domains in doped semiconductor superlattices are reported. The experimental investigations demonstrate the realization of tunable, GHz frequencies in GaAs-AlAs superlattices covering the temperature region from 5 to 300 K. The orgin of the tunable oscillatory modes is determined using an analytical and a numerical modeling of the dynamics of domain formation. Three different oscillatory modes are found. Their presence depends on the actual shape of the drift velocity curve, the doping density, the boundary condition, and the length of the superlattice. For most bias regions, the self-sustained oscillations are due to the formation, motion, and recycling of the domain boundary inside the superlattice. For some biases, the strengths of the low and high field domain change periodically in time with the domain boundary being pinned within a few quantum wells. The dependency of the frequency on the coupling leads to the prediction of a new type of tunable GHz oscillator based on semiconductor superlattices.Comment: Tex file (20 pages) and 16 postscript figure

ESTRO consensus guideline for target volume delineation in the setting of postmastectomy radiation therapy after implant-based immediate reconstruction for early stage breast cancer

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) rates after mastectomy are increasing. Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) contouring guidelines for target volumes in the setting of IBR are lacking. Therefore, many patients who have had IBR receive PMRT to target volumes similar to conventional simulator-based whole breast irradiation. The aim of this paper is to describe delineation guidelines for PMRT after implant-based IBR based on a thorough understanding of the surgical procedures, disease stage, patterns of recurrence and radiation techniques. They are based on a consensus endorsed by a global multidisciplinary group of breast cancer experts

Global Warming on Triton

Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has been predicted to undergo significant seasonal changes that would reveal themselves as changes in its mean frost temperature. But whether this temperature should at the present time be increasing, decreasing or constant depends on a number of parameters (such as the thermal properties of the surface, and frost migration patterns) that are unknown. Here we report observations of a recent stellar occultation by Triton which, when combined with earlier results, show that Triton has undergone a period of global warming since 1989. Our most conservative estimates of the rate of temperature and surface-pressure increase during this period imply that the atmosphere is doubling in bulk every 10 years, significantly faster than predicted by any published frost model for Triton. Our result suggests that permanent polar caps on Triton play a c dominant role in regulating seasonal atmospheric changes. Similar processes should also be active on Pluto