Early and reversible neuropathology induced by tetracycline-regulated lentiviral overexpression of mutant huntingtin in rat striatum

The ability to overexpress full-length huntingtin or large fragments represents an important challenge to mimic Huntington's pathology and reproduce all stages of the disease in a time frame compatible with rodent life span. In the present study, tetracycline-regulated lentiviral vectors leading to high expression levels were used to accelerate the pathological process. Rats were simultaneously injected with vectors coding for the transactivator and wild type (WT) or mutated huntingtin (TRE-853-19Q/82Q) in the left and right striatum, respectively, and analyzed in the ‘on' and ‘off' conditions. Overexpression of TRE-853-19Q protein or residual expression of TRE-853-82Q in ‘off' condition did not cause any significant neuronal pathology. Overexpressed TRE-853-82Q protein led to proteolytic release of N-terminal htt fragments, nuclear aggregation, and a striatal dysfunction as revealed by decrease of DARPP-32 staining but absence of NeuN down-regulation. The differential effect on the DARPP-32/NeuN neuronal staining was observed as early as 1 month after injection and maintained at 3 months. In contrast, expression of a shorter htt form (htt171-82Q) did not require processing prior formation of nuclear aggregates and caused decrease of both DARPP-32 and NeuN neuronal markers at one month post-injection suggesting that polyQ pathology may be dependent on protein context. Finally, the reversibility of the pathology was assessed. Huntingtin expression was turn ‘on' for 1 month and then shut ‘off' for 2 months. Recovery of DARPP-32 immunoreactivity and clearance of huntingtin aggregates were observed in animals treated with doxycycline. These results suggest that a tetracycline-regulated system may be particularly attractive to model Huntington's disease and induce early and reversible striatal neuropathology in viv

Vector-borne disease intelligence: strategies to deal with disease burden and threats

Owing to the complex nature of vector-borne diseases (VBDs), whereby monitoring of human case patients does not suffice, public health authorities experience challenges in surveillance and control of VBDs. Knowledge on the presence and distribution of vectors and the pathogens that they transmit is vital to the risk assessment process to permit effective early warning, surveillance, and control of VBDs. Upon accepting this reality, public health authorities face an ever-increasing range of possible surveillance targets and an associated prioritization process. Here, we propose a comprehensive approach that integrates three surveillance strategies: population-based surveillance, disease-based surveillance, and context-based surveillance for EU member states to tailor the best surveil-lance strategy for control ofVBDs in their geographic region. By classifying the surveillance structure into five different contexts, we hope to provide guidance in optimizing surveil-lance efforts. Contextual surveillance strategies for VBDs entail combining organization and data collection approaches that result in disease intelligence rather than a preset static structure. (Résumé d'auteur

First Detection of Polarization of the Submillimetre Diffuse Galactic Dust Emission by Archeops

We present the first determination of the Galactic polarized emission at 353 GHz by Archeops. The data were taken during the Arctic night of February 7, 2002 after the balloon--borne instrument was launched by CNES from the Swedish Esrange base near Kiruna. In addition to the 143 GHz and 217 GHz frequency bands dedicated to CMB studies, Archeops had one 545 GHz and six 353 GHz bolometers mounted in three polarization sensitive pairs that were used for Galactic foreground studies. We present maps of the I, Q, U Stokes parameters over 17% of the sky and with a 13 arcmin resolution at 353 GHz (850 microns). They show a significant Galactic large scale polarized emission coherent on the longitude ranges [100, 120] and [180, 200] deg. with a degree of polarization at the level of 4-5%, in agreement with expectations from starlight polarization measurements. Some regions in the Galactic plane (Gem OB1, Cassiopeia) show an even stronger degree of polarization in the range 10-20%. Those findings provide strong evidence for a powerful grain alignment mechanism throughout the interstellar medium and a coherent magnetic field coplanar to the Galactic plane. This magnetic field pervades even some dense clouds. Extrapolated to high Galactic latitude, these results indicate that interstellar dust polarized emission is the major foreground for PLANCK-HFI CMB polarization measurement.Comment: Submitted to Astron. & Astrophys., 14 pages, 12 Fig., 2 Table

A New High-Throughput Tool to Screen Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Zika Virus Endemic/Epidemic Areas

International audienceMosquitoes are vectors of arboviruses affecting animal and human health. Arboviruses circulate primarily within an enzootic cycle and recurrent spillovers contribute to the emergence of human-adapted viruses able to initiate an urban cycle involving anthropophilic mosquitoes. The increasing volume of travel and trade offers multiple opportunities for arbovirus introduction in new regions. This scenario has been exemplified recently with the Zika pandemic. To incriminate a mosquito as vector of a pathogen, several criteria are required such as the detection of natural infections in mosquitoes. In this study, we used a high-throughput chip based on the BioMark™ Dynamic arrays system capable of detecting 64 arboviruses in a single experiment. A total of 17,958 mosquitoes collected in Zika-endemic/epidemic countries (Brazil, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Suriname, Senegal, and Cambodia) were analyzed. Here we show that this new tool can detect endemic and epidemic viruses in different mosquito species in an epidemic context. Thus, this fast and low-cost method can be suggested as a novel epidemiological surveillance tool to identify circulating arboviruses

Achieving temperature-size changes in a unicellular organism.

The temperature-size rule (TSR) is an intraspecific phenomenon describing the phenotypic plastic response of an organism size to the temperature: individuals reared at cooler temperatures mature to be larger adults than those reared at warmer temperatures. The TSR is ubiquitous, affecting >80% species including uni- and multicellular groups. How the TSR is established has received attention in multicellular organisms, but not in unicells. Further, conceptual models suggest the mechanism of size change to be different in these two groups. Here, we test these theories using the protist Cyclidium glaucoma. We measure cell sizes, along with population growth during temperature acclimation, to determine how and when the temperature-size changes are achieved. We show that mother and daughter sizes become temporarily decoupled from the ratio 2:1 during acclimation, but these return to their coupled state (where daughter cells are half the size of the mother cell) once acclimated. Thermal acclimation is rapid, being completed within approximately a single generation. Further, we examine the impact of increased temperatures on carrying capacity and total biomass, to investigate potential adaptive strategies of size change. We demonstrate no temperature effect on carrying capacity, but maximum supported biomass to decrease with increasing temperature

The Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Power Spectrum measured by Archeops

We present a determination by the Archeops experiment of the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy in 16 bins over the multipole range l=15-350. Archeops was conceived as a precursor of the Planck HFI instrument by using the same optical design and the same technology for the detectors and their cooling. Archeops is a balloon-borne instrument consisting of a 1.5 m aperture diameter telescope and an array of 21 photometers maintained at ~100 mK that are operating in 4 frequency bands centered at 143, 217, 353 and 545 GHz. The data were taken during the Arctic night of February 7, 2002 after the instrument was launched by CNES from Esrange base (Sweden). The entire data cover ~ 30% of the sky.This first analysis was obtained with a small subset of the dataset using the most sensitive photometer in each CMB band (143 and 217 GHz) and 12.6% of the sky at galactic latitudes above 30 degrees where the foreground contamination is measured to be negligible. The large sky coverage and medium resolution (better than 15 arcminutes) provide for the first time a high signal-to-noise ratio determination of the power spectrum over angular scales that include both the first acoustic peak and scales probed by COBE/DMR. With a binning of Delta(l)=7 to 25 the error bars are dominated by sample variance for l below 200. A companion paper details the cosmological implications.Comment: A&A Letter, in press, 6 pages, 4 figures, see also http://www.archeops.or

Search for Spatial Correlations of Neutrinos with Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays

For several decades, the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) has been an unsolved question of high-energy astrophysics. One approach for solving this puzzle is to correlate UHECRs with high-energy neutrinos, since neutrinos are a direct probe of hadronic interactions of cosmic rays and are not deflected by magnetic fields. In this paper, we present three different approaches for correlating the arrival directions of neutrinos with the arrival directions of UHECRs. The neutrino data are provided by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and ANTARES, while the UHECR data with energies above ∼50 EeV are provided by the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array. All experiments provide increased statistics and improved reconstructions with respect to our previous results reported in 2015. The first analysis uses a high-statistics neutrino sample optimized for point-source searches to search for excesses of neutrino clustering in the vicinity of UHECR directions. The second analysis searches for an excess of UHECRs in the direction of the highest-energy neutrinos. The third analysis searches for an excess of pairs of UHECRs and highest-energy neutrinos on different angular scales. None of the analyses have found a significant excess, and previously reported overfluctuations are reduced in significance. Based on these results, we further constrain the neutrino flux spatially correlated with UHECRs

Archeops: A High Resolution Large Sky Balloon Experiment for Mapping CMB Anisotropies

Archeops is a balloon-borne instrument dedicated to measuring cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies at high angular resolution (8 arcminutes) over a large fraction (25%) of the sky in the millimetre domain. Based on Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) technology, cooled bolometers (0.1 K) scan the sky in total power mode with large circles at constant elevation. During the course of a 24-hour Arctic-night balloon flight, Archeops will observe a complete annulus on the sky in four frequency bands centered at 143, 217, 353 and 545 GHz with an expected sensitivity to CMB fluctuations of \~100muK for each of the 90 thousand 20 arcminute average pixels. We describe the instrument and its performance obtained during a test flight from Trapani (Sicily) to Spain in July 1999

Chapitre 4. Collections et autres ressources

LES COLLECTIONS D’ARTHROPODES Définition des collections On peut définir les collections d’arthropodes vecteurs comme le produit d’une (ou plusieurs) collecte(s) de spécimens. Cet ensemble de spécimens est regroupé dans un même endroit et géré par des experts en entomologie. Idéalement, ces personnes sont responsables de l’identification des spécimens, elles référencent les conditions de collecte et les données afférentes aux spécimens et les rendent accessibles. On parlera de collection de r..

Proposition pour la prise en compte des déformations métiers dans un système de CAO

L évolution technologique et scientifique à l heure actuelle se répercute, en tout ou en partie, sur le domaine de la CAO. On assiste à une universalisation des techniques de conception, qui se basent souvent sur les mêmes algorithmes, que ce soit pour l industrie aéronautique, pour la médecine ou pour d autres domaines. Cette pluridisciplinarité naît des différentes vues de la conception, qui ne se fait plus seulement par des ingénieurs, mais par un public très varié, et qui entraîne, à son tour, des différentes techniques d interaction. Pour répondre à cette diversité, les systèmes de CAO devraient assister l utilisateur par des outils de modélisation adaptés. Une approche dans ce sens serait d intégrer les déformations avec des contraintes métier. Ainsi, le concepteur pourrait se concentrer sur son métier plutôt que sur le modèle géométrique, laissant au système la tache du passage des paramètres métier aux paramètres géométriques, applicables au modèle. L étude présente se place dans le contexte du projet DIJA, avec le but de créer un modeleur de déformation de surfaces avec un comportement métier bien précis, non pas en utilisant le modèle géométrique sous-jacent, tel que réalisé jusqu à présent, mais en prenant en compte une triangulation de la surface aussi fine que nécessaire. L étude permet de démontrer également le passage des paramètres métier aux paramètres géométriques et l interaction avec l utilisateur des différents niveaux de l architecture du système, selon ses compétencesThe CAD domain today reflects the actual technological and scientific evolution. We are currently witnessing a universalization of the design techniques, which are often based on the same algorithms, in domains ranging from industry to medicine. This multidisciplinary aspect induces different views on the design. The design is no longer done by engineers but by a very heterogeneous public, and results in the use of different interaction techniques. In order to fit to this diversity, the CAD systems should assist the user with adapted modelling tools. An approach in this direction is to integrate trade-based knowledge with the deformations. The designer has thus he possibility to concentrate on his/her trade rather than on the geometric model, leaving to the system the task of transmitting the trade parameters to the model. The present study has been realised within the DIJA project with the purpose of creating a trade-oriented surface deformation modeller, not only by using the underlying geometric model, as it was realised until present, but by taking into account a surface triangulation as fine as needed. This study also demonstrates the refinement of the trade-based parameters into geometric parameters and the user-system interaction at different levels of the system s architecture, depending on the user s competenciesREIMS-BU Sciences (514542101) / SudocSudocFranceF