The Limits of Lawyering: Legal Opinions in Structured Finance

Significant controversy surrounds the issuance of legal opinions in structured finance transactions, particularly where accountants separately use these opinions, beyond their traditional primary use, for determining whether to characterize the transactions as debt. Reflecting at its core the unresolved boundaries between public and private in financial transactions, this controversy raises important issues of first impression: To what extent, for example, should lawyers be able to issue legal opinions that create negative externalities? Furthermore, what should differentiate the roles of lawyers and accountants in disclosing information to investors? Resolution of these issues not only helps to demystify the mystique, and untangle the morass, of legal-opinion giving but also affects the very viability of the securitization industry, which dominates American, and increasingly global, financing

A conserved major facilitator superfamily member orchestrates a subset of O-glycosylation to aid macrophage tissue invasion

Aberrant display of the truncated core1 O-glycan T-antigen is a common feature of human cancer cells that correlates with metastasis. Here we show that T-antigen in Drosophila melanogaster macrophages is involved in their developmentally programmed tissue invasion. Higher macrophage T-antigen levels require an atypical major facilitator superfamily (MFS) member that we named Minerva which enables macrophage dissemination and invasion. We characterize for the first time the T and Tn glycoform O-glycoproteome of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo, and determine that Minerva increases the presence of T-antigen on proteins in pathways previously linked to cancer, most strongly on the sulfhydryl oxidase Qsox1 which we show is required for macrophage tissue entry. Minerva’s vertebrate ortholog, MFSD1, rescues the minerva mutant’s migration and T-antigen glycosylation defects. We thus identify a key conserved regulator that orchestrates O-glycosylation on a protein subset to activate a program governing migration steps important for both development and cancer metastasis

Atypical Solute Carriers : Identification, evolutionary conservation, structure and histology of novel membrane-bound transporters

Solute carriers (SLCs) constitute the largest family of membrane-bound transporter proteins in humans, and they convey transport of nutrients, ions, drugs and waste over cellular membranes via facilitative diffusion, co-transport or exchange. Several SLCs are associated with diseases and their location in membranes and specific substrate transport makes them excellent as drug targets. However, as 30 % of the 430 identified SLCs are still orphans, there are yet numerous opportunities to explain diseases and discover potential drug targets. Among the novel proteins are 29 atypical SLCs of major facilitator superfamily (MFS) type. These share evolutionary history with the remaining SLCs, but are orphans regarding expression, structure and/or function. They are not classified into any of the existing 52 SLC families. The overall aim in this thesis was to study the atypical SLCs with a focus on their phylogenetic clustering, evolutionary conservation, structure, protein expression in mouse brains and if and how their gene expressions were affected upon changed food intake. In Papers I-III, the focus was on specific proteins, MFSD5 and MFSD11 (Paper I), MFSD1 and MFSD3 (Paper II), and MFSD4A and MFSD9 (Paper III). They all shared neuronal expression, and their transcription levels were altered in several brain areas after subjecting mice to food deprivation or a high-fat diet. In Paper IV, the 29 atypical SLCs of MFS type were examined. They were divided into 15 families, based on phylogenetic analyses and sequence identities, to facilitate functional studies. Their sequence relationships with other SLCs were also established. Some of the proteins were found to be well conserved with orthologues down to nematodes and insects, whereas others emerged at first in vertebrates. The atypical SLCs of MFS type were predicted to have the common MFS structure, composed of 12 transmembrane segments. With single-cell RNA sequencing and in situ proximity ligation assay, co-expression of atypical SLCs was analysed to get a comprehensive understanding of how membrane-bound transporters interact.   In conclusion, the atypical SLCs of MFS type are suggested to be novel SLC transporters, involved in maintaining nutrient homeostasis through substrate transport

Sjuksköterskans upplevelser av mötet med människor från andra kulturer : Svårigheter och möjligheter

Bakgrund: Många av de människor som kommer som invandrare, asylsökande och flyktingar till Sverige kommer någon gång i kontakt med sjukvården. Detta gör att sjuksköterskorna ställs inför möten med människor från andra kulturer, med en annan uppfattning om hur de vill bli omvårdade än vad sjuksköterskan är van vid. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser av mötet med människor från andra kulturer i den svenska vården. Metod: Arbetet är en kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Analysen är gjord på sex artiklar, och de har analyserats med hjälp av en innehållsanalys i fem steg. Resultat: I resultatet framkom det två kategorier och sex underkategorier. Att uppleva svårigheter var en kategori. Upplevelsen av svårigheter visade sig i form av kommunikationsbrister som ansågs vara en viktig del i vårdandet av patienter med en annan kulturell bakgrund. Även kunskapsbrist och människors olika syn på sjukvård togs upp. Den andra kategorin var att se möjligheterna. Där framkom att sjuksköterskorna såg möjligheter i detta möte genom hur de kunde gå runt svårigheterna, med till exempel hjälp av personal med en annan kulturell bakgrund. De kunde också skriva lappar med ord från patientens hemspråk för att öka förståelsen hos patienterna. Slutsatser: Det visade sig att sjuksköterskorna upplevde både svårigheter och möjligheter i detta möte. Känslan av möjligheter visar på att de vill kunna bemöta sina patienter på ett effektivt och värdigt sätt