Alternatives to the deprivation of liberty in our juvenile justice system beyond the preliminary investigation procedures. The resource of restorative justice and the principle of flexibility

Uno de los principios inspiradores reconocidos universalmente de cualquier sistema de justicia juvenil refiere que la utilización de la privación de libertad debe ser el último recurso. Transcurrida la mayoría de edad de nuestra Ley Orgánica 5/2000 reguladora de la responsabilidad penal de los menores, en este trabajo se pretende analizar algunas de las opciones que nuestro sistema de justicia juvenil ofrece como alternativas a la privación de libertad de los menores infractores. Las herramientas que ofrece la justicia restaurativa permiten, como se podrá ver, que en determinadas fases del procedimiento se puedan alcanzar soluciones más adecuadas que el internamiento de menores teniendo en cuenta cual es nuestro perfil de menor en conflicto con la ley. Para ello se tienen en consideración aspectos fundamentales como son el interés superior del menor, la perspectiva educativa que se tiene que mantener en la intervención con el menor infractor y la atención a las necesidades de las víctimas.One of the universally recognized inspiring principles of any juvenile justice system refers that the use of deprivation of liberty must be the last option. After the age of majority of our Ley Orgánica 5/2000 regulating the criminal responsibility of minors, this work tries to analyze some options that our juvenile justice system offers as alternatives to the deprivation of liberty of juvenile offenders. The tools offered by restorative justice allow, as it can be seen, that there are more adequate solutions at any stage of the proceedings than the detention of minors, considering our profile of minors in conflict with the law. For this, fundamental aspects such as the best interests of the child, the educational perspective should be considered in the intervention with the minor offender and attention to the needs of the victims are taken into consideration

Numerical approximation of bang-bang controls for the heat equation: an optimal design approach

This work is concerned with the numerical computation of null controls of minimal $L^{\infty}$-norm for the linear heat equation with a bounded potential. Both, the cases of internal and boundary (Dirichlet and Neumann) controls are considered. Dual arguments allow to reduce the search of controls to the unconstrained minimization of a conjugate function with respect to the initial condition of a backward heat equation. However, as a consequence of the regularizing property of the heat operator, this initial (final) condition lives in a huge space, that can not be approximated with robustness. For this reason, very specific to the parabolic situation, the minimization is severally ill-posed. On the other hand, the optimality conditions for this problem show that, in general, the unique control $v$ of minimal $L^{\infty}$-norm has a bang-bang structure as he takes only two values: this allows to reformulate the problem as an optimal design problem where the new unknowns are the amplitude of the bang-bang control and the space-time regions where the control takes its two possible values. This second optimization variable is modeled through a characteristic function. Since the admissibility set for this new control problem is not convex, we obtain a relaxed formulation of it which leads to a well-posed relaxed problem and lets use a gradient descent method for the numerical resolution of the problem. Numerical experiments, for the inner and boundary controllability cases, are described within this new approach

Rewriting king lear in a diasporic context, rewriting the nation: second generation and life goes on

Abstract: this article explores two film adaptations of King Lear located in London in a diasporic community: Second Generation (Jon Sen 2003) and Life Goes On (SangeetaDatta 2009). This paper examines the ways in which King Lear has to be modified to suit Non-Resident Indians. Following a diasporic framework, this articlesheds light on the striking parallelisms and connections between both movies via the presence of a mother figure, two nostalgic Lears, the appearance of Muslim charactersand the transformation of an extremely tragic dénouement by a happy ending. The role of the mother is especially significant since it hints at the Indian nation and the long-held association between the mother figure and India in mainstream Hindi cinema. The main hypothesis of this paper is that Second Generation and Life Goes On use Shakespeare’s King Lear, which deals with the division of the kingdom, as a prism through which to approach partition. Both films relocate the action to the UK, more specifically London, since it has one of the largest Indian diasporic communities. Alluding to the colonial legacy of partition and Shakespeare and being made by diasporic filmmakers, they become postcolonial – or rather transnational works. Curiously enough, not only is King Lear rewritten and reinvented, but also Shakespeare, partition, and, ultimately, the nation,although the films offer different – and contradictory – perspectives and alternatives.  Resumen: este artículo analiza dos adaptaciones cinematográficas del Rey Lear que tienen lugar en Londres en una comunidad diaspórica: SecondGeneration(Jon Sen 2003) y LifeGoesOn(SangeetaDatta 2009). El artículo examina las diferentes formas en las que El Rey Lear se tiene que modificar para adaptarse a la diáspora india. Gracias a un marco teórico de la diáspora, el artículo se centra en los paralelismos entre las dos películas a través de la presencia de la madre, dos “reyes” caracterizados por la nostalgia, la aparición de musulmanes y la transformación de un final trágico en uno feliz. El papel de la madre es especialmente relevante, ya que hace alusión a la India y a la asociación entre la figura materna y la India en el cine de Bollywood. La hipótesis principal es queSecondGenerationy LifeGoesOnutilizan El Rey Lear, que trata sobre la división del reino,como un prisma a través del cual aproximarse a la partición en la India. Ambas localizan la acción en Reino Unido, más concretamente en Londres, ya que tiene una de las comunidades diaspóricasindias más extensas. Las películas, al aludir al legado colonial de la partición y de Shakespeare y al ser realizadas por directores diaspóricos, se convierten en trabajos postcoloniales e incluso transnacionales. Lo curioso es que no sólo se reescribe y reinventa Shakespeare a través del Rey Lear, sino también la partición en la India y, en última instancia, la nación, a pesar de que las películas ofrecen perspectivas y alternativas diferentes – e incluso contradictorias. </jats:p

A PAS domain-containing regulator controls flagella-flagella interactions in Campylobacter jejuni

The bipolar flagella of the foodborne bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni confer motility, which is essential for virulence. The flagella of C. jejuni are post-translationally modified, but how this process is controlled is not well understood. In this work, we have identified a novel PAS-domain containing regulatory system, which modulates flagella-flagella interactions in C. jejuni. Inactivation of the cj1387c gene, encoding a YheO-like PAS6 domain linked to a helix-turn-helix domain, resulted in the generation of a tightly associated “cell-train” morphotype, where up to four cells were connected by their flagella. The morphotype was fully motile, resistant to vortexing, accompanied by increased autoagglutination, and was not observed in aflagellated cells. The Δcj1387c mutant displayed increased expression of the adjacent Cj1388 protein, which comprises of a single endoribonuclease L-PSP domain. Comparative genomics showed that cj1387c (yheO) orthologs in bacterial genomes are commonly linked to an adjacent cj1388 ortholog, with some bacteria, including C. jejuni, containing another cj1388-like gene (cj0327). Inactivation of the cj1388 and cj0327 genes resulted in decreased autoagglutination in Tween-20-supplemented media. The Δcj1388 and Δcj0327 mutants were also attenuated in a Galleria larvae-based infection model. Finally, substituting the sole cysteine in Cj1388 for serine prevented Cj1388 dimerization in non-reducing conditions, and resulted in decreased autoagglutination in the presence of Tween-20. We hypothesize that Cj1388 and Cj0327 modulate post-translational modification of the flagella through yet unidentified mechanisms, and propose naming Cj1387 the Campylobacter Flagella Interaction Regulator CfiR, and the Cj1388 and Cj0327 protein as CfiP and CfiQ, respectively

Influence of the WeMO and NAO decadal trends on the airborne pollen levels recorded in Catalonia (NW Mediterranean basin)

Airborne pollen records constitute a powerful tool for different purposes. First, in studies of dispersion and source identification of pollen grains, which, incorporated into the atmosphere by anemophilous plants, produce allergic symptoms in a part of the population sensitive to it. On the other hand, aerobiological databases provide useful information for the understanding of the trends induced by the climate change. The decadal series allow the extraction of patterns with intra-annual variability (seasonality of the events and their relationship with the atmospheric transport patterns) and inter-annual variability (inter-annual trends and its possible relationship with climatic variability indexes). The longer the aerobiological monitoring series the better the understanding of the effects of climate change on pollination trends. The aim of this study is to explore the influence of climate change on the airborne pollen series recorded in Catalonia during the period 1994-2012 by the analysis of its correlation with both, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the new regional teleconnection Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) defined within the synoptic framework of the western Mediterranean basin

Hollow Microcrystals of Copper Hexafluoroacetylacetonate-Pyridine Derivative Adducts via Supercritical CO2 Recrystallization

An innovative crystallization process, based in the use of the eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) solvent, is presented for the production of coordination compounds macrocrystals of general formula [Cu(hfacac)2(dPy)2], with intriguing prismatic hollow structures and single polymorphic forms. On the contrary, conventional solvents yielded compact microstructures. Studied pyridine derivatives (dPy) were 4-phenylpyridine, PhPy; 4-benzylylpyridine, BzPy; and 4-acetylpyridine, AcPy. In the specific case of the [Cu(hfacac)2(AcPy)2] adduct, the use of scCO2 as a solvent allows obtaining a pure polymorph, while the conventional solvent trials yielded a mixture of two polymorphs. Four new crystalline structures have been resolved from single crystal X-ray diffraction. All the structures consist in mononuclear complexes connected through intermolecular interactions, including H···H, H···O, F···F, C-F···Caromatic and/or C-F··· interactions, generating bidimensional networks that determine their crystallization mode in scCO2.This work was partially financed by the Spanish National Plan of Research CTQ2014-56324 and Severo Ochoa SEV-2015-0496, and by the Generalitat de Catalunya 2014SGR377. A. López-Periago acknowledges the RyC-2012-11588 contract. ALBA synchrotron is acknowledged for the provision of beamtime.Peer Reviewe

Airborne pollen parameters and their relationship with meteorological variables in NE Iberian Peninsula

The present study explores the role of the meteorological variability in the pollen production and the timing of the airborne pollen season by analysis of the correlation between precipitation, insolation and temperature and the main standardised airborne pollen parameters of 22 taxa collected at 6 localities in Catalonia (NE Spain). The pollen parameters included in the study were: Annual Pollen Integral and the Start, End and Length of the Main Pollen Season. Considering that the Main Pollen Season of most of the taxa in Catalonia lasts from spring to summer or autumn, correlations between the pollen parameters and winter (from December to March) values of meteorological variables were calculated. Correlations between Monthly Pollen Integral and monthly values of the meteorological variables were also calculated. The results obtained report the synchronism registered in the variations of pollen concentration with precipitation (negative), insolation (positive) and temperature (positive). Temperature was the meteorological variable that showed a greater influence in the pollen production and the timing of the pollen season, being insolation the least one. The Start of the Main Pollen Season was the pollen parameter more correlated with the meteorological variables, especially with winter temperatures.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Optimal internal stabilization of the linear system of elasticity

We consider the nonlinear optimal design problem which consists in finding the best position and shape of the internal viscous damping set for the stabilization of the linear system of elasticity. Since non-existence of classical designs is usual in this context, a relaxation of the original problem is proposed. Then, the relaxed problem is solved numerically. Finally, a penalization technique to recover quasi-optimal classical designs from the relaxed ones and the over-damping phenomenon are analyzed in several numerical experiments