2,176 research outputs found
The different dimensions of livelihood impacts of Payments for Environmentals Services (PES) schemes: A systematic review
Through a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature, this paper analyzes evidence of the livelihood impacts of Payments for Environmental Services (PES). Forty-six studies assessed PES livelihood impacts. The assessments presented more positive livelihood impacts than negative ones, focusing on financial benefits. Non-monetary and non-material impacts of PES were largely understudied. Most reviews focused on ES providers, hindering the understanding of broader societal impacts. The review yielded examples where participants lost from their participation or where improvements in one livelihood dimension paralleled deterioration in another. Consequently, we identified key research gaps in: i) understanding the social and cultural impacts of PES, ii) evaluating environmental and economic additionality from improving other ES at the expense of cultural ones, iii) and assessing PES impacts in terms of trade-offs between multiple livelihood dimensions. Moreover, increased knowledge is needed on the impact of PES on changes in household expenditure and choice, and on trade-offs between household income and inequality in ES provider communities. Finally, if PES schemes are implemented to sustainably improve livelihoods, targeting disaggregated populations, understanding equity and social power relations within and between ES providers and users, and better monitoring and evaluation systems that consider locally relevant livelihood dimensions are needed
LAGOVirtual: A Collaborative Environment for the Large Aperture GRB Observatory
We present the LAGOVirtual Project: an ongoing project to develop platform to
collaborate in the Large Aperture GRB Observatory (LAGO). This continental-wide
observatory is devised to detect high energy (around 100 GeV) component of
Gamma Ray Bursts, by using the single particle technique in arrays of Water
Cherenkov Detectors (WCD) at high mountain sites (Chacaltaya, Bolivia, 5300 m
a.s.l., Pico Espejo, Venezuela, 4750 m a.s.l., Sierra Negra, Mexico, 4650 m
a.s.l). This platform will allow LAGO collaboration to share data, and computer
resources through its different sites. This environment has the possibility to
generate synthetic data by simulating the showers through AIRES application and
to store/preserve distributed data files collected by the WCD at the LAGO
sites. The present article concerns the implementation of a prototype of
LAGO-DR adapting DSpace, with a hierarchical structure (i.e. country,
institution, followed by collections that contain the metadata and data files),
for the captured/simulated data. This structure was generated by using the
community, sub-community, collection, item model; available at the DSpace
software. Each member institution-country of the project has the appropriate
permissions on the system to publish information (descriptive metadata and
associated data files). The platform can also associate multiple files to each
item of data (data from the instruments, graphics, postprocessed-data, etc.).Comment: Second EELA-2 Conference Choroni, Venezuela, November 25th to 27th
200
Thermal diffusion of supersonic solitons in an anharmonic chain of atoms
We study the non-equilibrium diffusion dynamics of supersonic lattice
solitons in a classical chain of atoms with nearest-neighbor interactions
coupled to a heat bath. As a specific example we choose an interaction with
cubic anharmonicity. The coupling between the system and a thermal bath with a
given temperature is made by adding noise, delta-correlated in time and space,
and damping to the set of discrete equations of motion. Working in the
continuum limit and changing to the sound velocity frame we derive a
Korteweg-de Vries equation with noise and damping. We apply a collective
coordinate approach which yields two stochastic ODEs which are solved
approximately by a perturbation analysis. This finally yields analytical
expressions for the variances of the soliton position and velocity. We perform
Langevin dynamics simulations for the original discrete system which fully
confirm the predictions of our analytical calculations, namely noise-induced
superdiffusive behavior which scales with the temperature and depends strongly
on the initial soliton velocity. A normal diffusion behavior is observed for
very low-energy solitons where the noise-induced phonons also make a
significant contribution to the soliton diffusion.Comment: Submitted to PRE. Changes made: New simulations with a different
method of soliton detection. The results and conclusions are not different
from previous version. New appendixes containing information about the system
energy and soliton profile
An Instanton Picture O.P.E. <A^2> Condensate?
Gluon two- and three-point Green Functions computed in Landau gauge from the
lattice show the existence of power corrections to the purely perturbative
expressions, that can be explained through an Operator Product Expansion as the
influence of a non gauge invariant mass dimension two condensate. The
relationship of this condensate with topological properties of QCD, namely
instantons, will be studied, giving a first estimate of the contribution of
instantons to this condensate based in the direct lattice measure, after a
cooling process, of the instanton liquid properties.Comment: Lattice2002(topology) contribution, 3 pages, 2 figure
Cement-Based Piezoelectricity Application: A Theoretical Approach
The linear theory of piezoelectricity has widely been used to evaluate the material constants of single crystals and ceramics, but what happens with amorphous structures that exhibit piezoelectric properties such as cement-based? In this chapter, we correlate the theoretical and experimental piezoelectric parameters for small deformations after compressive stressâstrain, open circuit potential, and impedance spectroscopy on cement-based. Here, in detail, we introduce the theory of piezoelectricity for large deformations without including a functional for the energy; also, we show two generating equations in terms of a free energyâs function for later it will be reduced to constitutional equations of piezoelectricity for infinitesimal deformations. Finally, here is shown piezoelectric and electrical parameters of gold nanoparticles mixed to cement paste: the axial elasticity parameter Y=323.5±75.3kN/m2, the electroelastic parameter Îł=â20.5±6.9mV/kN, and dielectric constant Δ=939.6±82.9Δ0F/m, which have an interpretation as linear theory parameters sijklD, gkij and ΔikT discussed in the chapter
O.P.E. and Power Corrections to the QCD coupling constant
Lattice data seems to show that power corrections should be convoked to
describe appropriately the transition of the QCD coupling constant running from
U.V. to I.R. domains. Those power corrections for the Landau-gauge MOM coupling
constant in a pure Yang-Mills theory (N_f=0) are analysed in terms of Operator
Product Expansion (O.P.E.) of two- and three-point Green functions, the gluon
condensate emerging from this study. The semi-classical picture given by
instantons can be also used to look for into the nature of the power
corrections and gluon condensate.Comment: 5 pages, talk given at XXX International Meeting on Fundamental
Physics, Jaca 200
The Large Aperture GRB Observatory
The Large Aperture GRB Observatory (LAGO) is aiming at the detection of the
high energy (around 100 GeV) component of Gamma Ray Bursts, using the single
particle technique in arrays of Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCD) in high
mountain sites (Chacaltaya, Bolivia, 5300 m a.s.l., Pico Espejo, Venezuela,
4750 m a.s.l., Sierra Negra, Mexico, 4650 m a.s.l). WCD at high altitude offer
a unique possibility of detecting low gamma fluxes in the 10 GeV - 1 TeV range.
The status of the Observatory and data collected from 2007 to date will be
presented.Comment: 4 pages, proceeding of 31st ICRC 200
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