Значение и сущность знаний в экономике Украины

Проанализированы взгляды различных авторов на значение и сущность знаний в экономике Украины. Проведены исследования систем классифицирования современной отрасли экономической науки «экономика знаний». Результатом исследований является уточнение термина, а также введение новых типов классификации знаний.Проаналізовані погляди різних авторів на значення і сутність знань в економіці України. Проведені дослідження систем класифікації сучасної галузі економічної науки «економіка знань». Результатом дослідження є уточнення терміну, а також введення нових типів класифікації знань.The paper analyzes the views of different authors on the importance and essence of knowledge in the economy of Ukraine. The system of classification of such branch of the economic science as “knowledge economy” has been investigated. The result of investigation is the term specification, as wel as the introduction of new types of knowledge classification

Solution and Asymptotic Behavior for a Nonlocal Coupled System of Reaction-Diffusion

This paper concerns with existence, uniqueness and asymptotic behavior of the solutions for a nonlocal coupled system of reaction-diffusion. We prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions by the Faedo-Galerkin method and exponential decay of solutions by the classic energy method. We improve the results obtained by Chipot-Lovato and Menezes for coupled systems. A numerical scheme is presented

Ethical Aspects Concerning Endodontic Instrument Fracture

Aim: The aim of this study was to address several ethical aspects concerning the behavior of endodontists and general dentists regarding endodontic instrument fracture during root canal treatment. Methods: The responses of a group of professionals (endodontists and general dentists) to a questionnaire were reviewed and analyzed statistically by Fisher's Exact and chi-square tests at 5% significance level. Results: Forty-six percent of the interviewees responded that they would try to solve the problem without informing the patient about the accident. Only 28.1% of the participants affirmed that they would let the patient know right at the moment of occurrence. Conclusions: The outcomes of this survey demonstrate that most professionals are afraid of informing their patient about an accidental endodontic instrument breakage during treatment and might be subject to lawsuits.72515351538Leite, V.G., Odontologia legal (1962) Bahia: Era NovaCoehn, S., Burns, R.C., (1980) Caminhos da polpa, , 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan;Frank, A.L., The dilemma of the fractured instrument (1983) J Endod, 9, pp. 515-516Cohen, S., Endodontic treatment: Avoid these malpractice traps (1988) Dent Manag, 28 (36-38), p. 40Imura, N., Zuolo, M.L., (1988) Procedimentos clínicos em endodontia, , São Paulo: Pancast;Walton, R.E., Torabinejad, M., (1997) Principios e prática em endodontia, , 2.ed. São Paulo: Santos;Itoh, A., Higuchi, N., Minami, G., Yasue, T., Yoshida, T., Maseki, T., A survey of filling methods, intracanal medications, and instruments breakage (1999) J Endod, 25, pp. 823-824Ree, M.H., Timmerman, M.F., Wesselink, P.R., Factors influencing referral for specialist endodontic treatment amongst a group of Dutch general practitioners (2003) Int Endod J, 36, pp. 129-134De Deus, Q.D., (1992) Endodontia, , 5.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Medsi;Leonardo, M.R., Leal, J.M., (1998) Endodontia: Tratamento dos canais radiculares, , 3.ed. São Paulo: Panamericana

Genetics And Molecular Biology: A Literature Review Of Forensic Dentistry Application

Forensic expertise methodology normally used in different criminal investigation and forensic medicine field such as blood type, anthropologic analysis and forensic, dentistry (dental records, X-rays, bite marks, among others) solved and will continue solving many crimes. Those methods will continue estimating age of several people. Nevertheless, since the development of genetics and molecular bioloy there were an increase in number and quality of solved case. The present work points out the importance to associate certain forensic biology areas to traditional investigation methods in human identification, especially with forensic dentistry. It also show that in some situations, teeth are an important source to genetic analysis and molecular studies. After a scientific literature review it was concluded that it is mandatory that those in forensic investigations acquire knowledge in forensic genetics in order to apply with traditional investigation techniques, this fact would produce an increase of information to Justice.62012541259Ramos, D.I.A., Daruge, E., Daruge Júnior, E., Antunes, F.C.M., Melendez, B.V.C., Francesquini Júnior, L., Transposición dental y sus implicaciones eticas y legais (2005) Rev ADM, 62, pp. 185-190Gonçalves, A.C.S., Travassos, D.V., Silva, M., Campo de atuação do odontolegista (1999) RPG Rev Pos-Grad, 6, pp. 60-65Figini, A.R.L., Silva, J.R.L., Jobim, L.F., Silva, M., Tratado de perícias criminalísticas - identificação humana (2003) Campinas: Millenium Editora, , 2.edSilva, R.F., Cruz, B.V.M., Daruge Júnior, E., Daruge, E., Francesquini Júnior, L., La importância de la documentación odontológica en la identificación humana (2005) Acta Odontol Venez, 43, pp. 67-74Jeffreys, A.J., Wilson, V., Thein, S.L., Hypervariable minisatellite regions in human DNA (1985) Nature, 314, pp. 67-73Alonso, L.G., Genofre, G.C., Genética molecular e odontologia forense (1999) Rev Odontol Univ St Amaro, 4, pp. 30-33Homo Brasilis, P.S.D.J., Aspectos genéticos, lingüísticos, históricos e sócio-antropológicos da formação do povo brasileiro (2002) Ribeirão Preto: Editora FunpecSmith, B.C., Introduction to DNA analysis (2001) Dent Clin North Am, 45, pp. 229-235Jobim, L.F., Costa, L.R.S., Silva, M., Tratado de perícias criminalísticas - identificação humana (2006) Campinas: Millenium Editora, 2Edwards A, Civitello A, Hammond HA, Caskey CT. DNA Typing and Genetic Mapping with Trimeric and Tetrameric Tandem Repeats. Am J Hum Genet. 199149: 746-56Shriver, M.D., Mei, R., Parra, E.J., Sonpar, V., Halder, J., Tishkoff, A.S., Large-scale SNP analysis reveals clustered and continuous patterns of human genetic variation (2005) Hum Genomics, 2, pp. 81-89Slavkin, H.C., Sex, enamel and forensic dentistry: A search for identity (1997) J Am Dent Assoc, 128, pp. 1021-1025Santos, M.C.L.G., Line, S.R.P., The epigenetics of enamel formation (2006) Braz J Oral Sci, 17, pp. 991-995Meyer, E., Wiese, M., Bruchhaus, H., Claussen, M., Klein, A., Extraction and amplification of authentic DNA from ancient human remains (2000) Forensic Sci Int, 113, pp. 87-90Faerman, M., Filon, D., Kahila, G., Greenblatt, C.L., Smith, P., Oppenheim, A., Sex identification of archaeological human remains based on amplification of the X and Y amelogenin alleles (1995) Gene, 167, pp. 327-332Liversidge, H.M., Lyons, F., Hector, M.P., The accuracy of three methods of age estimation using radiographic measurements of developing teeth (2003) Forensic Sci Int, 131, pp. 22-29Mesotten, K., Gunst, K., Carbonez, A., Willems, G., (2003) J Forensic Odontostomatol, 21, pp. 31-35Gustafson, G., Dental identification (1966) Forensic odontology, , London: Staples Press;Yamamoto, K., Molecular biological studies on teeth, and inquests (1996) Forensic Sci Int, 80, pp. 79-87Othani, S., Estimation of age from dentin by utilizing the racernization of aspartic acid: Influence of pH (1995) Forensic Sci Int, 75, pp. 181-187Ohtani, S., Yamada, Y., Yamamoto, I., Age estimation from racemization rate using heated teeth (1997) J Forensic Odontostomatol, 15, pp. 9-12Arany, S., Ohtani, S., Yoshioka, N., Gonmori, K., Age estimation from aspartic acid racemization of root dentin by internal standard method (2004) Forensic Sci Int, 141, pp. 127-130Sajdok, J., Pilin, A., Pudil, F., Zidková, J., Kás, J., A new method of age estimation based on the changes in human non-collagenous proteins from dentin (2006) Forensic Sci Int, 156, pp. 245-249Martín-de las Heras, S., Valenzuela, A., Overall, C.M., Gelatinase A in human dentin as a new biochemical marker for age estimation (2000) J Forensic Sci, 45, pp. 807-811Trevilatto, P.C., Line, S.R.P., Use of buccal epithelial cells for PCR amplification of large DNA fragments (2000) J Forensic Odontostomatol, 18, pp. 6-9Iwamura, E.S.M., Soares-Vieira, J.A., Muñoz, D.R., Human identification and analysis of DNA in bones (2004) Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo, 59, pp. 383-388Andelinovic, S., Sutlovic, D., Ivkosic, I.E., Skaro, V., Ivkosic, A., Paic, F., Twelve-year experience in-identification of skeletal remains from mass graves (2005) Croat Med J, 46, pp. 530-539Lleonart, R., Riego, E., Suárez, R.R., Ruiz, R.T., Fuente, J., Analyses of DNA from ancient bones of a pre-columbian Cuban woman and a child (1999) Genet Mol Biol, 22, pp. 285-289Vernesi, C., Benedetto, G., Caramelli, D., Secchieri, E., Simoni, L., Katti, E., Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci, 98, pp. 13460-13463Melki, J.A.D., Martin, C.C.S., Simões, A.L., Procedimentos em exumações para investigação de vínculo genético em ossos (2001) J Public Health, 35, pp. 368-374Ogata, M., Mattern, R., Schneider, P.M., Schacker, U., Kaufmann, T., Rittner, C., Quantitative and qualitative analysis of DNA extracted from postmortem muscle tissues (1990) Z Rechtsmed, 103, pp. 397-406Wurmb-Schwark, N., Harbeck, M., Wiesbrock, U., Schroeder, I., Ritz-Timme, S., Oehmichen, M., Extraction and amplification of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from ancient and artificially aged bones (2003) Leg Med, 5, pp. S169-S172Bender, K., Farfán, M.J., Schneider, P.M., Preparation of degraded human DNA under controlled conditions (2004) Forensic Sci Int, 139, pp. 135-140Pretty, I.A., Sweet, D., A look at forensic dentistry. Part I: The role of teeth in the determination of human identity (2001) Br Dent J, 190, pp. 359-366Gaytmenn, R., Sweet, D., Quantification of forensic DNA from various regions of human teeth (2003) J Forensic Sci, 48, pp. 622-625Malaver, P.C., Yunis, J.J., Different dental tissues as source of DNA for human identification in forensic cases (2003) Croat Med J, 44, pp. 306-309Pfeiffer, H., Hühne, J., Seitz, B., Brinkmann, B., Influence of soil storage and exposure period on DNA recovery from teeth (1999) Int J Legal Med, 112, pp. 142-144Lessig, R., Edelmann, J., Individualisation of dental tissue - an aid for odontological identification? (1995) J Forensic Odontostomatol, 13, pp. 1-3Murakami, H., Yamamoto, Y., Yoshitome, K., Ono, T., Okamoto, O., Shigeta, Y., Forensic study of sex determination using PCR on teeth samples (2000) Acta Med Okayama, 54, pp. 21-32Sweet, D., Hildebrand, D., Redovery of DNA from human teeth by cryogenic grinding (1998) J Forensic Sci, 43, pp. 1199-1202Trivedi, R., Chattopadhyay, P., Kaghyap, K., A new improved method for extraction of DNA from teeth for the analysis of hypervariavel loci (2002) Am J Forensic Med Pathol, 23, pp. 191-196Kemp, B.M., Smith, D.G., Use of bleach to eliminate contaminating DNA from the surface of bones and teeths (2005) Forensic Sci Int, 154, pp. 53-61Schulz, M.M., Reichert, W., Archived or directly swabbed latent fingerprints as a DNA source for STR typing (2002) Forensic Sci Int, 127, pp. 128-130Goes, A.C.S., Silva, D.A., Domingues, C.S., Sobrinho, J.M., Carvalho, E.F., Identification of a criminal by DNA typing in a rape case in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2002) Sao Paulo Med J, 120, pp. 77-80Silva, D.A., Goes, A.C.S., Carvalho, J.J., Carvalho, E.F., DNA typing from vaginal smear slides in suspected rape cases (2004) Sao Paulo Med J, 122, pp. 70-72Silva, R.F., Pereira, S.D.R., Daruge Júnior, E., Daruge, E., Francesquini Júnior, L., A confiabilidade do exame odontolegal na identificação humana (2004) ROBRAC, 35, pp. 46-50Atsü SS, Gökdemir K, Kedici PS, Ikyaz YY. Bitemarks in forensic odontology. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 1998.16: 30-4McKenna CJ, Haron MI, Brown KA, Jones DAJ. Bitemarks in chocolate: a case report. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 200018: 10-4Sweet, D., Lorente, M., Lorente, J.A., Valenzuela, A., Villanueva, E., An improved method to recover saliva from human skin: The double swab technique (1997) J Forensic Sci, 42, pp. 320-322Bowers, C.M., (2004) Forensic dental evidence - An investigator's handbook, , San Diego: Elsevier;Borgula, L.M., Robinson, F.G., Rahimi, M., Chew, K.E., Birchmeier, K.R., Owens, S.Q., Isolation and genotypic comparison of oral streptococci from experimental bitemarks (2003) J Forensic Odontostomatol, 21, pp. 23-30Bilge, Y., Kedici, P.S., Alakoç, Y.D., Ûlküer, K., Ilkyaz, Y.Y., The identification of a dismembered human body: A multidisciplinary approach (2003) Forensic Sci Int, 137, pp. 141-146Sweet, D., Hidelbrand, D., Phillips, D., Identification of a skeleton using DNA from teeth and PAP smear (1999) J Forensic Sci, 44, pp. 630-633Soares-Vieira, J.A., Billerbeck, A.E.C., Iwamura, E.S.M., Cardoso, L.A., Muñoz, D.R., Post-mortem forensic identity testing: Application of PCR to the identification of fire victim (2000) Sao Paulo Med J, 118, pp. 75-77Sweet, D., Sweet, C.H.W., DNA analysis of dental pulp to link incinerated remains of homicide victim to crime scene (1995) J Forensic Sci, 40, pp. 310-314Yamada, Y., Ohira, H., Iwase, H., Takatori, T., Nagao, M., Ohtani, S., Sequencing mitochondrial DNA from a tooth and application to forensic odontology (1997) J Forensic Odontostmatol, 15, pp. 13-1

Validity of the Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics of the Universe Bounded by the Event Horizon in Holographic Dark Energy Model

In this letter, we investigate the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics of the universe bounded by the event horizon in the holographic dark energy model. The universe is chosen to be homogeneous and isotropic and the validity of the first law has been assumed here. The matter in the universe is taken in the form of non-interacting two fluid system- one component is the holographic dark energy model and the other component is in the form of dust.Comment: 8 page

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Insights from the SHaRe Registry

Background: The term "end stage" has been used to describe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), defined as occurring when left ventricular ejection fraction is <50%. The prognosis of HCM-LVSD has reportedly been poor, but because of its relative rarity, the natural history remains incompletely characterized. Methods: Data from 11 high-volume HCM specialty centers making up the international SHaRe Registry (Sarcomeric Human Cardiomyopathy Registry) were used to describe the natural history of patients with HCM-LVSD. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify predictors of prognosis and incident development. Results: From a cohort of 6793 patients with HCM, 553 (8%) met the criteria for HCM-LVSD. Overall, 75% of patients with HCM-LVSD experienced clinically relevant events, and 35% met the composite outcome (all-cause death [n=128], cardiac transplantation [n=55], or left ventricular assist device implantation [n=9]). After recognition of HCM-LVSD, the median time to composite outcome was 8.4 years. However, there was substantial individual variation in natural history. Significant predictors of the composite outcome included the presence of multiple pathogenic/likely pathogenic sarcomeric variants (hazard ratio [HR], 5.6 [95% CI, 2.3-13.5]), atrial fibrillation (HR, 2.6 [95% CI, 1.7-3.5]), and left ventricular ejection fraction <35% (HR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.3-2.8]). The incidence of new HCM-LVSD was ≈7.5% over 15 years. Significant predictors of developing incident HCM-LVSD included greater left ventricular cavity size (HR, 1.1 [95% CI, 1.0-1.3] and wall thickness (HR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1-1.4]), left ventricular ejection fraction of 50% to 60% (HR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.2, 2.8]-2.8 [95% CI, 1.8-4.2]) at baseline evaluation, the presence of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (HR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.0-4.9]), and the presence of a pathogenic/likely pathogenic sarcomeric variant, particularly in thin filament genes (HR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.0-2.1] and 2.5 [95% CI, 1.2-5.1], respectively). Conclusions: HCM-LVSD affects ≈8% of patients with HCM. Although the natural history of HCM-LVSD was variable, 75% of patients experienced adverse events, including 35% experiencing a death equivalent an estimated median time of 8.4 years after developing systolic dysfunction. In addition to clinical features, genetic substrate appears to play a role in both prognosis (multiple sarcomeric variants) and the risk for incident development of HCM-LVSD (thin filament variants)

Diet of two syntopic species of Crenuchidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) in an Amazonian rocky stream

Abstract This study assessed the diet of two poorly known syntopic fish species of the family Crenuchidae, Characidium aff. declivirostre and Leptocharacidium omospilus, in a Presidente Figueiredo´ rocky stream, Amazonas, Brazil. The stomach contents were analyzed and their Frequency of Occurrence (FO %) and Relative Volume (Vol %) were combined in a Feeding Index (IAi). We examined 20 individuals of C. aff. declivirostre and 23 of L. omospilus. The Morisita-Horn Index was used to estimate the overlap between the diets of these species. Immature insects were the most valuable items consumed by both fish species. The diet of C. aff. declivirostre was mainly composed of larvae and pupae of Chironomidae, while L. omospilus predominantly consumed larvae of Hydroptilidae, Hydropyschidae and Pyralidae. Thus, both species were classified as autochthonous insectivorous. Characidium aff. declivirostre was considered a more specialized species, probably reflecting lower feeding plasticity or the use of more restricted microhabitats compared to L. omospilus. When the food items were analyzed at the family taxonomic level, the diet overlap between these species was considered moderate (Morisita-Horn Index = 0.4). However, a more thorough analysis, at the genus level, indicates a very low diet overlap. Therefore, we conclude that the feeding segregation between C. aff. declivirostre and L. omospilus may favor their co-existence, despite their high phylogenetic closeness

Measurement of Bottom versus Charm as a Function of Transverse Momentum with Electron-Hadron Correlations in p+p Collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV

The momentum distribution of electrons from semi-leptonic decays of charm and bottom for mid-rapidity |y|<0.35 in p+p collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV is measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) over the transverse momentum range 2 < p_T < 7 GeV/c. The ratio of the yield of electrons from bottom to that from charm is presented. The ratio is determined using partial D/D^bar --> e^{+/-} K^{-/+} X (K unidentified) reconstruction. It is found that the yield of electrons from bottom becomes significant above 4 GeV/c in p_T. A fixed-order-plus-next-to-leading-log (FONLL) perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) calculation agrees with the data within the theoretical and experimental uncertainties. The extracted total bottom production cross section at this energy is \sigma_{b\b^bar}= 3.2 ^{+1.2}_{-1.1}(stat) ^{+1.4}_{-1.3}(syst) micro b.Comment: 432 authors, 6 pages text, 3 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm