Desenvolvimento regional, defesa do meio ambiente e inclusão social no semiárido: experiências multifacetárias da economia solidária

A Economia Solidária (EcoSol) propõe a livre mobilização para a geração de renda, a partir do fortalecimento socioeconômico e ambiental. Assim, este artigo visa analisar em que medida a economia solidária pode contribuir para a realização de um desenvolvimento regional que compatibilize a proteção aos bens ambientais e, ao mesmo tempo, gere inclusão social. Parte-se do pressuposto de que no contexto atual, a EcoSol propõe meios de desenvolvimento a partir de uma perspectiva transversal, pois há experiências que praticam a sua lógica nos âmbitos urbanos e rurais, no semiárido e no litoral, no norte e sul do país, o que faz com que se possa acreditar, a partir de diversas experiências existentes, nos seus reflexos positivos. Por meio da realização de uma pesquisa com métodos de observação direta, aliada a estudos bibliográficos, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa exploratória no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. Como conclusão, observa-se que as políticas públicas de economia solidária ainda não ocupam papel central no Brasil, apesar de haver experiências que evidenciam que a EcoSol, ao propor o desenvolvimento regional não exploratório e cooperado, tem capacidade de gerar inclusão social, ao tempo em que respeita a capacidade de resiliência e as limitações produtivas do meio ambiente

Análise constitucional acerca do aviso prévio proporcional indenizado

Trabalho apresentado à Comissão de trabalhos acadêmicos da VI Semana do Judiciário do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho 13ª Região.O aviso prévio é a declaração por uma das partes da relação laboral no sentido de romper, sem justa causa, o contrato de trabalho por prazo indeterminado ou, excepcionalmente, o contrato por prazo determinado com cláusula assecuratória de direito recíproco de resilição. Tal instrumento é, pois, basilar para garantia da estabilidade das relações de trabalho, já que pretende minorar os efeitos advindos da resilição unilateral do contrato de trabalho, evitando-se, dessa forma, que empregado e empregador sejam surpreendidos com o súbito rompimento do pacto

Legionella pneumonia after infliximab in a patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis

AbstractThe antagonists of tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have been successfully used in several chronic inflammatory diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), but some studies have observed the development of infections by intracellular pathogens in patients using anti-TNF. We report a case of a female patient with previous diagnosis of RA for 16 years that used several disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that resulted in treatment failure, and then was treated with infliximab. After fifteen days of the second dose, the patient developed ventilatory-dependent chest pain, dry cough and dyspnea. She was hospitalized, and the diagnosis of pneumonia by Legionella pneumophila was confirmed by the presence of Legionella antigen in an urine test. TNF is an inflammatory cytokine that also acts inhibiting the bacterial growth of intracellular pathogens, and its inhibition seems to increase susceptibility to these infections in some patients

Analysis of direct and indirect methods for somatic cell counts in the milk of healthy goats

A particularidade da secreção láctea caprina, do tipo apócrina, diferente da secreção merócrina da vaca, leva a erros de interpretação durante a realização de técnicas de avaliação da celularidade do leite de fêmeas desta espécie. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar a contagem de células somáticas pelo método indireto California Mastitis Test (CMT), e por métodos diretos, incluindo a contagem por citometria de fluxo e a contagem microscópica direta, através da coloração de verde de metil e pironina-Y, além de comparar os métodos de contagem celular. Foram analisadas 102 amostras de 51 fêmeas caprinas, das raças Saanen, Parda Alpina e Toggenburg, criadas no Estado de São Paulo. Os animais foram categorizados segundo a fase da lactação, exame físico da glândula mamária e exame do leite. As amostras foram colhidas, após a realização do exame Califórnia Mastitis Test, em duas alíquotas, uma destinada à contagem celular automática e a outra, a contagem microscópica direta, utilizando-se o corante verde de metil e pironina- Y. De acordo com os diferentes escores do CMT, observou- se 74,5% de amostras negativas, 8,8% de amostras com escore traços, 8,8% de amostras ligeiramente positivas (+), 6,8% de amostras fracamente positivas (++) e 0,9% de amostras fortemente positivas (+++). Os valores medianos das contagens de células somáticas presentes no leite de cabras, avaliadas através de contador automático e microscopia direta, e analisadas de acordo com os diferentes escores do CMT, foram, respectivamente, 181.000, 578.000, 628.000, 1.421.500 e 5.542.000 células/mL de leite e 74.991, 271.396, 71.420, 640.995 e 5.049.394 células/ mL de leite, nos escores negativo, traços, +, ++ e +++. Os valores medianos obtidos através da contagem de células somáticas pelo método automático e microscópico direto, de acordo com as fases de lactação foram de 159.500, 508.000 e 277.500 células/mL de leite, e 62.493, 89.275 e 146.411. A correlação obtida entre a contagem celular automática e microscópica direta foi de 88%. A partir dos resultados observados pode-se concluir que existe diferença na contagem celular determinada através do método automático e microscópico sendo este último o mais adequado para a determinação da celularidade no leite de cabras.The particular apocrine secretion of goat milk different from the merocrine one observed in cows, may lead to errors in interpreting cellularity evaluations in the milk of this species. Thus, the objective of the present trial was to determine Somatic Cell Counts by means of one indirect methods, the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and direct methods, flow cytometry and direct microscopic count using methyl green-pyronine-Y stain, beyond comparing the methods of cellular counting. A total of 102 samples from 51 Saanen, Brown Alpine and Toggenburg female goats, bred in the state of São Paulo, were analyzed. Goats were separated in groups according to the phase of lactation and to physical examination of the mammary gland, and milk examination. Samples were divided into two aliquots, and were collected after California Mastitis Test evaluation. One aliquot was used in automatic cell counts, and the other, in direct microscopic count using methyl green-pyronine-Y stain. CMT results were as follows: 74.5% of the samples were negative, 8.8% yielded traces, 8.8% were weak positive (1), 6.8% were distinct positive (2) and 0.9% were strong positive (3). Medians of somatic cell counts in goat milk as evaluated by means automatic cell counter and direct microscopy, and grouped according to the different CMT scores, were as follows: 181,000, 578,000, 628,000, 1,421,500, and 5,542,000 cells/mL of milk and 74,991, 271,396, 71,420, 640,995, and 5,049,394 cells/mL of milk in scores negative, traces, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Medians obtained in automatic cell counts and direct microscopic counts, grouped according to the phase of lactation were 159,500; 508,000; and 277,500 cells/mL of milk and 62,493; 89,275; and 146,411 cells/ml of milk, respectively. The correlation between the automatic and microscopic methods for somatic cell counts was 88%. Based on the results obtained, it could be concluded that there were differences between the automatic and microscopic methods for somatic cell counts, being this most adequate for the determination of the celularidade in the cellularity of goat milk

Correlates of sedentary time in children: a multilevel modelling approach

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behaviour (SB) has been implicated as a potential risk factor for chronic disease. Since children spend most of their awake time in schools, this study aimed to identify individual- and school-level correlates of sedentary time using a multilevel approach, and to determine if these correlates have a similar effect in normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (O/O) children. METHODS: Sample comprised 686 Portuguese children aged 9-10 years from 23 schools that took part in the ISCOLE project. Actigraph GT3X + accelerometers were used 24 hours/day for 7 days to assess sedentary time (daily minutes <100 counts/min); BMI was computed and WHO cut-points were used to classify subjects as NW or O/O. Sex, BMI, number of siblings, family income, computer use on school days, and sleep time on school days were used as individual-level correlates. At the school level, school size (number of students), percentage of students involved in sports or physical activity (PA) clubs, school promotion of active transportation, and students’ access to equipment outside school hours were used. All multilevel modelling analysis was done in SPSS, WINPEPI, and HLM. RESULTS: School-level correlates explain ≈ 6.0% of the total variance in sedentary time. Results (β ± SE) showed that boys (-30.85 ± 5.23), children with more siblings (-8.56 ± 2.71) and those who sleep more (-17.78 ± 3.06) were less sedentary, while children with higher family income were more sedentary (4.32 ± 1.68). At the school level, no variable was significantly correlated with sedentary time. Among weight groups, variables related to sedentary time in NW were sex, sleep time and family income, while in O/O sex, number of siblings and sleep time were significant correlates. No school-level predictors were significantly associated in either of the weight groups. CONCLUSION: Notwithstanding the relevance of the school environment in the reduction of children’s sedentary time, individual and family characteristics played a more relevant role than the school context in this study

Estructura de la semilla y desarrollo inicial de Byrsonima basiloba Juss. (Malpighiaceae)

Byrsonima basiloba Juss. is a fast growing shrub that produces edible and juicy fruits. This research studied the morphology and anatomy of seeds and seedlings. The hard endocarp was crested and triloculate, with one seed per locule. B. basiloba seed was composed of a testa and a tegmen with residual endosperm. The embryo was ivory, with long, foliaceous, circinate, anisophyllous cotyledons with disjointed apices. The embryonary axis was short, straight and occupied a small portion of the seed with short epicotyl, and radicle with a rudimentary root cap. In the seedlings, it was possible to differentiate the protoderm, procambium and ground meristem in the elongation zone. The differentiation process in this species occurred early in the embryo. Leaf primordia surrounded the shoot apical meristem, which contained a developing parenchyma, epidermis with trichomes, and the vascular system already partially differentiated, with xylem vessels with helical thickening. The stem/root transition region, which originated the xylopodium in the adult plant, was oblique to the stem axis. Cotyledons and eophylls were amphistomatic. The anatomical description can help with taxonomic identification of the species in the field, as well as to provide a guide to choosing explants for in vitro cultivation protocols.Byrsonima basiloba Juss. es un arbusto de rápido crecimiento que produce frutos comestibles y jugosos. Esta investigación estudió la morfología y anatomía de las semillas y plantas jóvenes de este arbusto. Su endocarpio duro contiene una semilla por lóculo. La semilla está compuesta por una testa y un tegumento con un endospermo residual. El embrión es de color marfil, con cotiledones largos circinados, anisófilos, foliáceas con ápices inconexos. El eje embrionario es corto, recto, con epicotilo corto y radícula, y con una tapa de raíz rudimentaria, y ocupa una pequeña porción de la semilla. En la plántula es posible diferenciar claramente la protoderma del procambium y del meristema primario. Inmediatamente por encima del promeristema se encuentran el parénquima cortical, la epidermis con pelo, y el cilindro vascular ya parcialmente diferenciado, así como los vasos del xilema con engrosamiento helicoidal, por lo que se puede concluir que la diferenciación de los tejidos de esta especie se produce muy temprano. La región de cuello, que se origina del xilopodium en la planta adulta, no muestra ningún cambio en el color, siendo oblicua al eje del vástago. Los cotiledones y eófilos son anfistomáticos. La descripción anatómica puede ayudar con la identificación taxonómica de las especies, como también proporcionar una guía para el futuro, en cuanto a protocolos de cultivo in vitro

Dynamic of Metabolic Indicators, Insulin Like-growth Factor I (IGF-I) and Cortisol in Holstein Cows during the Transition Period

Background: Physiological events occur in the transition period marked by negative energetic balance, where the energetic demand is higher due to fetal nutrition and lactogenesis and intensified by the decrease of the dry matter intake in the pre-partum period. The adaptation of cows is dependent of homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms regulated by catecholamine, cortisol, GH, IGF-I, insulin and glucagon but the priorization of homeorhetic mechanisms could result in metabolic diseases. Considering the scarce longitudinal studies about the Brazilian conditions the aim of this project was to evaluate the influence of transition period on metabolic indicators, cortisol and IGF-I in Holstein cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirteen cows, from 2nd to 4th lactation were evaluated weakly from week -2 to week +3 in relation to calving to determine the body condition score (BCS), metabolic and endocrine profile. The BCS decreased between week -2 (BCS = 4.0) and +1 (BCS = 3.0), followed by and slight increase on weeks +2 and +3 (P = 0.000). The most of metabolic indicators and hormones have changed during the transition period (P ≤ 0.05), especially around calving. It was possible to detect the peak of cortisol, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxibutyrate (BHB), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) on delivery and week +1. On the other hand, total calcium, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) decreased was observed around parturition. Insulin like growth factor type I (IGF-I) showed marked reduction between pre and postpartum, and the lowest value was observed in the week +1. TP and GLOB had the lowest value on calving and globulin has a gradual increase from delivery to week +3.Discussion: Cows included in this experiment had dystocia (4/13, 30.8%), retention of placenta (1/13, 7.7%) and clinical hypocalcemia (1/13, 7.7%). One of the animals with episodes of dystocia was also aggravated by ketosis in week +1 and +2 (1/13, 7.7%). Uterine infections were observed in five animals (5/13, 38.4%). Of this total of animals with uterine infection (5/13), three had already expressed earlier disturbances: two cows had dystocia and one cow with retention of placenta. The weight loss observed between pre and postpartum may be due to an increase of energy demand for fetal maintenance and the concomitant initiation of lactation, in conjunction with an approximately 30% reduction in dry matter intake during the transitional period. The hyperglycemia concomitant with the peak of cortisol at delivery may be explaining by the activation of the somatotropic axis, due to the stress of calving. The increase of NEFA, BHB and AST around calving associated with decreased of TG and CHOL could be associated with homeorhetic mechanisms, especially lipolysis and gluconeogenesis. The IGF-I decrease in postpartum may be by the decreased expression of receptors for growth hormone (GH) in the liver, and consequently reduced synthesis and/or IGF-I hepatic clearance, which reduce of the negative feedback of IGF-I on GH secretion. The total calcium concentrations were below the threshold (8.50 mg/dL) established by Goff [10] at parturition, week +1 and +2 and probably is due to the secretion of 20-30 g of calcium per day during the colostrum synthesis. Total protein and albumin have a slight variation, except for the peak observed on week +3 due to uterine infection

Microbial population, fermentative characteristics and dry matter recovery of mixed silage grass xaraés and stylo Campo Grande

The population of microorganisms, the fermentative characteristics and the recovery of dry matter of silage of xaraés grass (Brachiaria brizantha) with growing levels of Styansanthes capitata x S. macrocephala (0; 25; 50; 75) and 100%), with and without microbial inoculant. The 5 x 2 factorial scheme (five proportions of Campo Grande stylos with and without inoculant) was used in the completely randomized design, with three replications. There was no effect of the interaction of levels of stylos and microbial inoculant for the studied variables, however, it was observed effect of stylos levels on pH and ammoniacal nitrogen and inoculant on dry matter recovery. The mean population of lactic acid bacteria in the silages was 6.8 log cfu/g. The values of pH and ammoniacal nitrogen decreased linearly with the increase of the stylos levels in the silage. Mean dry matter recovery was 94%. It is concluded that the use of legume together with grass for silage production improves the fermentation characteristics and provides high recovery of dry matter, however, the inoculant evaluated does not alter the fermentative characteristics of the silages

Influência do estágio de lactação na composição do leite de cabras (Capra hircus)

A influência do estágio de lactação na composição do leite de cabras foi estudada em 27 animais lactantes da raça Saanen durante oito meses, colhendo-se o total de 304 amostras. Foram selecionados e mantidos, no decorrer do trabalho, animais saudáveis, sem qualquer alteração no exame físico da glândula mamária e cujo leite manteve-se negativo ao exame microbiológico. Avaliaram-se os teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais. A concentração de sólidos totais, gordura e lactose declinaram durante a lactação, porém os teores de proteína foram praticamente estáveis durante o período estudado. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a constituição do leite de cabras sofreu influência do estágio de lactação.The influence of the stage of lactation in the composition of goat milk was studied in 27 Saanen goats during eight months. These animals provided a total of 304 samples that were microbiologically negative. Animals were healthy and presented no alterations in the physical examination of the mammary gland. The following analyses were performed: concentration of fat, protein, lactose and total solids. Protein concentrations were stable during the whole trial, whereas total solids, fat and lactose decreased during lactation. The results showed that the constitution of goat milk is influenced by the stage of lactation