Functional Orthopedics: Alternative Treatment for Anterior Open Bite

Introducción. La mordida abierta se define como la maloclusión en que uno o más dientes no alcanzan el plano oclusal y no se establece contacto con sus antagonistas. El tratamiento de las maloclusiones en edades tempranas es cada vez más frecuente en la ortodoncia actual. La ortopedia funcional de los maxilares (OFM) proporciona diferentes terapias que facilitan la corrección de las maloclusiones estableciendo una correcta función y armonía de los maxilares.Introduction. Open bite is defined as a malocclusion in which one or more teeth do not reach the occlusal plane and contact with their antagonists is not established. The treatment of malocclusions at an early age is increasingly frequent in current orthodontics. The maxillary functional orthopedics (OFM) provides different therapies that facilitate the correction of malocclusions establishing a correct function and harmony of the jaws.Facultad de Odontologí

Transporte nasal de Staphylococcus aureus em profissionais de saúde em áreas críticas de um Hospital Pediátrico durante julho-setembro de 2018

Lorena Pardo: Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Clínica Pediátrica “C”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected]. ORCID: 0000-0002-4827-5893 -- Héctor Telechea: Unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000 0001 8173 0117 -- Zhenia Martínez: Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-2581-2235 -- Romina Perdomo: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-8161-1078 -- Belén Pereira: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-8300-2700 -- Ana Belén Perini: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-3689-5219 -- Macarena Pica: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-0671-5210 -- Alexandra Pires: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-2909-6697 -- Lucia Puschnegg: Estudiante de Medicina, Ciclo de Metodología Científica II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-5631-0302 -- Gustavo Giachetto: Clínica Pediátrica “C”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-3775-4773 -- Gustavo Varela: Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-4354-0608Las infecciones intrahospitalarias (IIHs) son causa de elevada morbimortalidad y representan un problema sanitario importante. El personal de salud es reservorio y potencial transmisor de los agentes etiológicos de las mismas. S. aureus es uno de los microorganismos implicados, por lo tanto es importante conocer la frecuencia de portación en el personal de salud y establecer el perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana para contribuir con la elaboración de medidas de prevención incluyendo actividades educativas. Objetivo: Conocer la frecuencia de portación de S. aureus, distribución y antibiotipos de las cepas presentes en el personal sanitario del Hospital Pediátrico de Referencia (HPR). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo durante el periodo julio-setiembre del año 2018. Se incluyeron muestras de hisopados nasales de trabajadores de la salud de distintas áreas de internación que consintieron participar en el estudio. Se excluyeron aquellos que recibieron antibióticos dentro de los 3 meses previos al estudio. Las muestras fueron sembradas en agar sangre ovina al 5% (ASO) y se incubaron a 35-37ºC en aerobiosis por 24-48 horas. Se realizó la identificación de las colonias sospechosas de Staphylococcus aureus por métodos convencionales y MALDI-TOF. El patrón de resistencia antimicrobiana de S. aureus se detectó por disco-difusión. En los cultivos resistentes a meticilina (SAMR) se determinó la presencia del gen mecA y se realizó la tipificación del SCCmec por pruebas de reacción en cadena de polimerasa. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 225 hisopados a partir de 225 trabajadores, presentaron desarrollo 212. En 49 se recuperaron cultivos de S. aureus. Correspondieron a SAMR 11 de las 49 cepas, todas portaban el gen mecA. Hubo predominio en el personal de enfermería (7/11), en los servicios de hemato-oncología (3/11) y cuidados intensivos neonatales (4/11). Asociaron resistencia a macrólidos y clindamicina 8 de 11 aislamientos SAMR, a gentamicina 2 y a mupirocina uno. El SCCmec más frecuentemente identificado fue el tipo IV (7/11). Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la presencia de cepas SAMR entre el personal de salud del CHPR y aportan información complementaria para efectuar prevención y control de las IIHs, actuando sobre todo en el personal de salud encargado de la atención de pacientes susceptiblesHospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a cause of high morbidity and mortality and represent a major health problem. Health personnel are reservoirs and potential transmitters of their etiological agents. S. aureus is one of the microorganisms involved, therefore it is important to know the frequency of carriage in health personnel and establish the antimicrobial susceptibility profile to contribute to the development of prevention measures, including educational activities. Objective: To know the frequency of carriage of S. aureus, distribution and antibiotypes of the strains present in the health personnel of the Reference Pediatric Hospital (HPR). Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out during the period July-September 2018. Nasal swab samples from health workers from different hospitalization areas who agreed to participate in the study were included. Those who received antibiotics within 3 months prior to the study were excluded. The samples were seeded in 5% sheep blood agar (ASO) and incubated at 35-37ºC in aerobiosis for 24-48 hours. Identification of suspicious Staphylococcus aureus colonies by conventional methods and MALDI-TOF. The antimicrobial resistance pattern of S. aureus was detected by disc diffusion. In methicillin-resistant cultures (MRSA), the presence of the mecA gene was determined and SCCmec was typified by polymerase chain reaction tests. Results: 225 swabs were obtained from 225 workers, 212 showed bacterial growth. S. aureus cultures were recovered from 49. 11 of the 49 strains corresponded to MRSA, all of them carried the mecA gene. There was a predominance in the nursing staff (7/11), in the hematology-oncology services (3/11) and neonatal intensive care (4/11). They associated resistance to macrolides and clindamycin in 8 of 11 MRSA isolates, 2 to gentamicin, and 1 to mupirocin. The most frequently identified SCCmec was type IV (7/11). Conclusions: The results show the presence of MRSA strains among the health personnel of the CHPR and provide complementary information to carry out prevention and control of IIH, acting especially on the health personnel in charge of the care of susceptible patientsAs infecções hospitalares (HII) são causa de alta morbidade e mortalidade e representam um importante problema de saúde. Os profissionais de saúde são reservatórios e potenciais transmissores de seus agentes etiológicos. O S. aureus é um dos micro-organismos envolvidos, por isso é importante conhecer a frequência de portadores em profissionais de saúde e estabelecer o perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana para contribuir no desenvolvimento de medidas de prevenção incluindo atividades educativas. Objetivo: Conhecer a frequência de portadores de S. aureus, distribuição e antibiótipos das cepas presentes no pessoal de saúde do Hospital Pediátrico de Referência (HPR). Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo durante o período de julho a setembro de 2018. Foram incluídas amostras de swab nasal de profissionais de saúde de diferentes áreas de internação que concordaram em participar do estudo. Aqueles que receberam antibióticos nos 3 meses anteriores ao estudo foram excluídos. As amostras foram semeadas em 5% de ágar sangue de carneiro (ASO) e incubadas a 35-37ºC em aerobiose por 24-48 horas. Identificação de colônias suspeitas de Staphylococcus aureus por métodos convencionais e MALDI-TOF. O padrão de resistência antimicrobiana de S. aureus foi detectado por difusão em disco. Em culturas resistentes à meticilina (MRSA), a presença do gene mecA foi determinada e SCCmec foi tipificado por testes de reação em cadeia da polimerase. Resultados: 225 amostras foram obtidos de 225 trabalhadores, 212 apresentaram crescimento bacteriano. Culturas de S. aureus foram recuperadas de 49. 11 das 49 cepas correspondiam a MRSA, todas carregavam o gene mecA. Houve predominância na equipe de enfermagem (7/11), nos serviços de hematologia-oncologia (3/11) e de terapia intensiva neonatal (4/11). Eles associaram resistência a macrolídeos e clindamicina em 8 de 11 isolados de MRSA, 2 à gentamicina e 1 à mupirocina. O SCCmec mais frequentemente identificado foi o tipo IV (7/11). Conclusões: Os resultados mostram a presença de cepas de MRSA entre os profissionais de saúde do CHPR e fornecem informações complementares para realizar a prevenção e controle da HII, atuando principalmente sobre os profissionais de saúde responsáveis pelo atendimento de pacientes suscetíveis

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Unraveling the effect of land use on the bacterioplankton community composition from highly impacted shallow lakes at a regional scale

Bacterioplankton communities play a crucial role in global biogeochemical processes and are highly sensitive to changes induced by natural and anthropogenic stressors in aquatic ecosystems. We assessed the influence of Land Use Land Cover (LULC), environmental, and geographic changes on the bacterioplankton structure in highly connected and impacted shallow lakes within the Salado River basin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Additionally, we investigated how changes in LULC affected the limnological characteristics of these lakes at a regional scale. Our analysis revealed that the lakes were ordinated by sub-basins (upper and lower) depending on their LULC characteristics and limnological properties. In coincidence, the same ordination was observed when considering the Bacterioplankton Community Composition (BCC). Spatial and environmental predictors significantly explained the variation in BCC, although when combined with LULC the effect was also important. While the pure LULC effect did not explain a significant percentage of BCC variation, the presence of atrazine in water, an anthropogenic variable linked to LULC, directly influenced both the BCC and some Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) in particular. Our regional-scale approach contributes to understanding the complexity of factors driving bacterioplankton structure and how LULC pervasively affect these communities in highly impacted shallow lake ecosystems from the understudied Southern Hemisphere.Fil: Sagua, Mara Inés. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Experimentales; ArgentinaFil: Nuozzi, Guillermina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez, María Laura. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Experimentales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Huber, Maria Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Perdomo, Santiago. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Limnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Schiaffino, María Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentin

In Vitro Drug Screening Against All Life Cycle Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi Using Parasites Expressing β-galactosidase

Alonso, V. L., Manarin, R., Perdomo, V., Gulin, E., Serra, E., Cribb, P. In Vitro Drug Screening Against All Life Cycle Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi Using Parasites Expressing β-galactosidase. J. Vis. Exp. (177), e63210, doi:10.3791/63210 (2021).Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease (ChD), an endemic disease of public health importance in Latin America that also affects many non-endemic countries due to the increase in migration. This disease affects nearly 8 million people, with new cases estimated at 50,000 per year. In the 1960s and 70s, two drugs for ChD treatment were introduced: nifurtimox and benznidazole (BZN). Both are effective in newborns and during the acute phase of the disease but not in the chronic phase, and their use is associated with important side effects. These facts underscore the urgent need to intensify the search for new drugs against T. cruzi. T. cruzi is transmitted through hematophagous insect vectors of the Reduviidae and Hemiptera families. Once in the mammalian host, it multiplies intracellularly as the non-flagellated amastigote form and differentiates into the trypomastigote, the bloodstream non-replicative infective form. Inside the insect vector, trypomastigotes transform into the epimastigote stage and multiply through binary fission. This paper describes an assay based on measuring the activity of the cytoplasmic β-galactosidase released into the culture due to parasites lysis by using the substrate, chlorophenol red β-D-galactopyranoside (CPRG). For this, the T. cruzi Dm28c strain was transfected with a β-galactosidase-overexpressing plasmid and used for in vitro pharmacological screening in epimastigote, trypomastigote, and amastigote stages. This paper also describes how to measure the enzymatic activity in cultured epimastigotes, infected Vero cells with amastigotes, and trypomastigotes released from the cultured cells using the reference drug, benznidazole, as an example. This colorimetric assay is easily performed and can be scaled to a high-throughput format and applied to other T. cruzi strains.Fil: Alonso, Victoria Lucia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Parasitología; Argentina.Fil: Manarin, Romina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Parasitología; Argentina.Fil: Perdomo, Virginia Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Parasitología; Argentina.Fil: Serra, Esteban C. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Parasitología; Argentina.Fil: Cribb, Pamela. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Área Parasitología; Argentina.Fil: Serra, Esteban. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET); Argentina.Fil: Cribb, Pamela. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET); Argentina.Fil: Gulin, Julián Ernesto Nicolás. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED); Argentina

Downregulation of intestinal multidrug resistance transporter 1 in obese mice: Effect on its barrier function and role of TNF-α receptor 1 signaling

Objectives: Multidrug resistance transporter 1 (Mdr-1) is a relevant component of the intestinal transcellular barrier that decreases absorption of oral drugs, thus modulating their bioavailability. Obese patients with metabolic disorders take medications that are subjected to intestinal metabolism and the Mdr-1–dependent barrier. This study evaluated the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD; 40% fat for 16 wk) on Mdr-1 expression and transport activity in C57BL/6 (C57) male mice. Comparable studies were performed in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) receptor 1 knockout mice (R1KO) to delineate a possible role of TNF-α signaling. Methods: mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and protein levels by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Mdr-1 activity was assessed using the everted intestinal sac model, with rhodamine 123 as the substrate. Statistical comparisons were made using the Student t test or one-way analysis of variance followed by the post hoc Tukey test. Results: Mdr-1 protein, as well as its corresponding Mdr1a and Mdr1b mRNA, was decreased in C57-HFD mice compared with controls. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed downregulation of Mdr-1 in situ. These results correlated with a 48% decrease in the basolateral to apical transport of rhodamine 123. In contrast, R1KO-HFD modified neither intestinal Mdr-1 mRNA nor its protein expression or activity. In addition, C57-HFD showed elevated intestinal TNF-α mRNA and protein (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) levels, whereas R1KO-HFD was undetectable or had a lower increase, respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrated an impairment of the Mdr-1 intestinal barrier function induced by HFD as a consequence of downregulation of both Mdr-1 gene homologues, resulting in impaired Mdr-1 protein expression. Inflammatory response mediated by TNF-α receptor 1 signaling was likely involved.Fil: Barranco, Maria Manuela. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Cs.médicas. Escuela de Cs.médicas. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Perdomo, Virginia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Departamento de Microbiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Zecchinati, Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Manarin, Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Departamento de Microbiología; ArgentinaFil: Massuh, Greta. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Cs.médicas. Escuela de Cs.médicas. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Sigal, Nicolás. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Cs.médicas. Escuela de Cs.médicas. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Vignaduzzo, Silvana Edit. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas.; ArgentinaFil: Mottino, Aldo Domingo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Villanueva, Silvina Stella Maris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Garcia, Fabiana. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Cs.médicas. Escuela de Cs.médicas. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentin

RAW 264.7 macrophages are activated and produce Nitric oxide after rTcHMGB-stimulation.

<p>(A) Representative microscopy of macrophages after indicated treatments. (B) NO production at 3, 6, 24 h after the indicated treatments estimated by Griess reaction by comparison to NaNO₂ standards. The experiment was performed in triplicates and the bar graphs represent the mean values ± SEM; * p<0.05.</p

Histology and immunohistochemistry analysis of an experimental Chagas mouse model suggests that tissue-released TcHMGB can induce inflammatory cytokines production during acute infection.

<p>A) Myocardial nodule constituted by macrophages and lymphocytes in acute infection. B) These inflammatory nodules show numerous spherules with strong TcHMGB immunostaining, which correspond to <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> amastigotes. C) High power micrograph show <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> amastigotes immunoreactive to TcHMGB in the cytoplasm of macrophages. D) Cardiomyocytes also show in the cytoplasm numerous <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> amastigotes with strong immunereactivity to TcHMGB. E) Acute myocardiopathy show heavily infected myocytes with numerous parasites showing strong immunostaining to TcHMGB (white asterisk), the endocardium shows numerous attached macrophages with phagocytosed immunostained parasites or diffuse cytoplasmic immunostaining to TcHMGB (black asterisks), fibrillar and granular material that apparently correspond to fibrin exhibited strong TcHMGB immunostaining (arrow). F) Middle size blood vessels in the myocardium show intravascular fibrin that exhibited strong TcHMGB immunostaining. G) Similar myocardial blood vessels from acute chagasic myocarditis show leukocytes with immunostaining to TNFα. H) Acute inflammatory nodules show macrophages with immunoreactivity to IL-1β. I) Numerous perivascular inflammatory cells in acute trypanosomal myocarditis show immunoreactivity to IFN-γ. J) Necrotic myocytes, fibrosis and calcification in chronic chagasic cardiopathy with extensive chronic inflammatory infiltrate (K), without TcHMGB immunostaining (L).</p