Análisis económico de la evolución de un agrosistema de manejo agroecológico en etapa de consolidación

Los agrosistemas de manejo agroecológico suelen ser reconocidos por su contribución hacia la sustentabilidad desde las dimensiones Ambiental y Social, mas suele señalarse como un desafío el mejorar su contribución desde la dimensión Económica. En este trabajo se describe la evaluación económica de un agrosistema fruti hortícola de manejo agroecológico en etapa de consolidación, en dos años sucesivos. Para ello se midieron las variables Eficiencia, Productividad y Seguridad a través de una serie de indicadores. Como principales resultados se observa que la familia cumple sus objetivos, que son la autosuficiencia alimentaria y la generación de excedentes, en ese orden prioritario. También se observó que, en el camino de la consolidación, los indicadores económicos han mejorado de un año al otro, lo que puede señalar una tendencia positiva.Agroecological management agricultural systems are often recognized for their contribution to sustainability from environmental and social dimensions, most often noted as a challenge to improve its contribution from the Economic dimension. In this paper the economic evaluation of horticultural farms with agroecological management in a consolidation phase, in two successive years is described. To do the Efficiency, Productivity and Safety variables were measured through a series of indicators. The main results shows that the family fulfills its objectives, which are food self-sufficiency and generating surpluses, in that order of priority. It was also noted that in the way of consolidation, economic indicators have improved from one year to another, which may indicate a positive trend.Eje: A1: Sistemas de producción de base agroecológicaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org)

Anales del III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad "Debate en torno a la nueva agenda urbana"

Acta de congresoEl III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad “Debates en torno a la NUEVa Agenda Urbana”, ha sido una apuesta de alto compromiso por acercar los debates centrales y urgentes que tensionan el pleno ejercicio del derecho a la ciudad. Para ello las instituciones organizadoras (INVIHAB –Instituto de Investigación de Vivienda y Hábitat y MGyDH-Maestría en Gestión y Desarrollo Habitacional-1), hemos convidado un espacio que se concretó con potencia en un debate transdisciplinario. Convocó a intelectuales de prestigio internacional, investigadores, académicos y gestores estatales, y en una metodología de innovación articuló las voces académicas con las de las organizaciones sociales y/o barriales en el Foro de las Organizaciones Sociales que tuvo su espacio propio para dar voz a quienes están trabajando en los desafíos para garantizar los derechos a la vivienda y los bienes urbanos en nuestras ciudades del Siglo XXI

De cara a cara com a virtualidade diante da pandemia de Covid-19 a pandemia de Covid-19: impacto na universidade professores universitários

Introduction: Within the framework of the pandemic provoked by the COVID-19, every teacher took the challenge to rebrand quickly and start working differently by designing and learning evaluative activities to face this E-Learning environment in which most students and teachers all around the world have been immersed for so long. Objective: To establish the impact of the methodological change within the traditional and virtual classroom in academics of Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica - Campus Liberia. Method: A total of 85 professors of the different majors have participated in this study and under a non-probabilistic sampling. A structured and closed questionnaire containing few questions was sent by e-mail utilizing the mail institutional platform and cellphones by the common digital platform WhatsApp. Results: The improvement of the pedagogic practice has a closed relationship with the good access to technologies and internet connection, which has been considered a clear limitation for academics to communicate with students in an easy, better and effective way. Discussion: The academy needs to have the clarity in relation to the conditions that students face daily in order to study utilizing distant education spaces which in many of the cases do not have access to the technological tools and connectivity, most of that due to their bad social and economic conditions.Introducción: En el marco de la pandemia provocada por la COVID-19, cada docente asumió el reto de reinventarse rápidamente y empezar a trabajar de otra forma, diseñando actividades de aprendizaje y evaluativas en la presencialidad remota. Objetivo: establecer el impacto del cambio metodológico del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, de modalidad presencial a modalidad virtual, en los académicos de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica - Campus Liberia. Método: En el estudio participaron 85 personas Docentes de las diferentes carreras del centro universitario, bajo un muestreo no probabilístico. Se empleó un cuestionario estructurado y cerrado de escasas preguntas enviado por correos electrónicos institucionales y por la vía telefónica mediante la aplicación digital WhatsApp. Resultados: La mejora de la mediación pedagógica tiene estrecha relación con el acceso a la tecnología, tanto el equipo como el acceso al internet, y esta ha sido considerada una limitante para que el personal académico pueda comunicarse de manera fluida con la población estudiantil. Discusión: La academia debe tener claridad sobre las condiciones de la población estudiantil, la cual no tiene las facilidades de acceso a las herramientas tecnológicas, conectividad y, especialmente, condiciones económicas, sociales y afectivas.Introdução: No contexto da pandemia causada pela COVID-19, cada professor aceitou o desafio de se reinventar rapidamente e começar a trabalhar de uma maneira diferente, projetando atividades de aprendizagem e avaliação em modo remoto face a face. Objetivo: estabelecer o impacto da mudança metodológica do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, da modalidade presencial à virtual, sobre os acadêmicos à modalidade virtual, na academia da Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica - Campus da Libéria. Método: No estudo 85 professores dos diferentes cursos de graduação da universidade participaram do estudo, utilizando amostragem não-probabilística. Foi utilizado um questionário estruturado Um questionário estruturado e fechado com poucas perguntas enviadas por e-mails institucionais e por telefone através do aplicativo digital WhatsApp. por telefone usando a aplicação digital WhatsApp. Resultados: A melhoria da mediação pedagógica está intimamente relacionada com a acesso à tecnologia, tanto o equipamento como o acesso à Internet, e isto tem sido considerado uma restrição para que o pessoal acadêmico possa se comunicar de forma eficaz. pessoal acadêmico sendo capaz de se comunicar fluentemente com a população estudantil. Discussão: A academia deve ser claro sobre as condições da população estudantil, que não tem acesso a ferramentas tecnológicas, conectividade e, especialmente, à Internet. ferramentas tecnológicas, a conectividade e, especialmente, as condições econômicas, sociais e emocionais

Toll-like Receptors are Key Participants in Innate Immune Responses

During an infection, one of the principal challenges for the host is to detect the pathogen and activate a rapid defensive response. The Toll-like family of receptors (TLRs), among other pattern recognition receptors (PRR), performs this detection process in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. These type I transmembrane receptors identify microbial conserved structures or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recognition of microbial components by TLRs initiates signaling transduction pathways that induce gene expression. These gene products regulate innate immune responses and further develop an antigen-specific acquired immunity. TLR signaling pathways are regulated by intracellular adaptor molecules, such as MyD88, TIRAP/Mal, between others that provide specificity of individual TLR- mediated signaling pathways. TLR-mediated activation of innate immunity is involved not only in host defense against pathogens but also in immune disorders. The involvement of TLR-mediated pathways in auto-immune and inflammatory diseases is described in this review articl

Water and poverty in two Colombian watersheds

Watersheds, especially in the developing world, are increasingly being managed for both environmental conservation and poverty alleviation. How complementary are these objectives? In the context of a watershed, the actual and potential linkages between land and water management and poverty are complex and likely to be very site specific and scale dependent. This study analyses the importance of watershed resources in the livelihoods of the poor in two watersheds in the Colombian Andes. Results of the participatory poverty assessment reveal significant decreases in poverty in both watersheds over the past 25 years, which was largely achieved by the diversification of livelihoods outside of agriculture. Water is an important resource for household welfare. However, opportunities for reducing poverty by increasing the quantity or quality of water available to the poor may be limited. While improved watershed management may have limited direct benefits in terms of poverty alleviation, there are important indirect linkages between watershed management and poverty, mainly through labour and service markets. The results suggest that at the level of the watershed the interests of the rich and the poor are not always in conflict over water. Sectoral as well as socio-economic differences define stakeholder groups in watershed management. The findings have implications for policymakers, planners and practitioners in various sectors involved in the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM)

Representations of government measures in the context of COVID-19

Resumen: Se considera determinante para detener la rápida propagación del COVID-19, lograr adherencia de la población a las políticas públicas preventivas indicativas de comportamiento. Las recomendaciones han sido diferentes en los distintos países y han arrojado resultados variados en términos de prevalencia del COVID-19 (Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, 2020). El Estudio International COVID- 19 Awareness and Responses Evaluation Study (ICARE) asociado a las políticas de salud pública busca conocer si es loable optimizar las estrategias aplanando la curva de infección por COVID-19. Entre los hallazgos se relevó una preocupación central en el 80 % de los participantes de que un miembro de la familia no conviviente o allegados se infectará de COVID-19. Las respuestas exhibían mayor desazón por los impactos potenciales del COVID-19 en otras personas cercanas que en sí mismos. Estos hallazgos podrían dar cuenta de conductas de solidaridad y prosociales muy relevantes a la hora de diseñar campañas de prevención y desarrollo estratégico de políticas públicas, fomentando y haciendo foco en el cuidado del otro.Abstract: In stopping the rapid spread of COVID-19, it is essential for the population to adhere to preventive state policies. The recommendations have been different in different nations and have yielded mixed results (Montreal Behavioral Medicine Center, 2020). The International COVID-19 study Awareness and Response Assessment Study (ICARE) -regarding public health policies- seeks to know the viability of optimising strategies which intend to flatten the COVID-19 infection curve. Among the findings, a central concern was revealed in 80% of the participants: Fear of close friends or family members outside the household being infected with COVID-19. Responses exhibited greater unease about the potential impacts of COVID-19 on others close to them than on themselves. These findings could account for prosocial and altruistic behaviours which are highly relevant to the design of prevention campaigns and state policies focusing on caring for others