NEO-LIBERALISM IN CHILE AND ITS IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF QUINOA: A LESSON FOR STRENGTHENING AND DEVELOPING NEW PARTNERSHIPS

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceSince 1973 Chile started a hard neo-liberal economy. This model affected education, health care and all economic activities, including agriculture. No protection and/or planning actions ruled the country that achieved a high GDP (US$14,510/year, per capita) respect to other Latino American countries, but also a very unequal salary distribution (Gini coefficient=0.54). It also achieved a worst land property distribution (Gini coef.=0.95 in some regions). Small-scale landowners received limited financial aid, they sold lands mainly re-oriented to monocultures for exportation markets. Farmers became rather workers of a growing agro-industry. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) a highly nutritive crop, cultivated since the last 7 thousand years in the Andes almost disappeared during the conquest but it was transmitted by ancient Incas to Chilean cultures, people living in very different agro-ecological contexts from 18ºS (Altiplano) to 41ºS (Chiloé Island). The crop was maintained in Chile where dust roads were cut by winter rains and where city supermarkets could not establish. There quinoa became one of their staple food and it escaped free-market driven agriculture that did not promote its cultivation. The 1470 hectares of quinoa in Chile (2007) could increase as Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia do export over 54 thousands hectares under biological certification. This new modern scenario might help to reactivate the culture of this crop in Chile. But the absence of farmer's organizations might become a constraint. Crop biodiversity is poorly known and mass cultivation could further reduce it unless some knowledge/research-action of this diversity could help to create conscience of its importance

El manejo del suelo salino usando arena afecta el crecimiento de raíces y la sobrevivencia de plántulas de Prosopis tamarugo Phil. (Fabaceae)

Natural regeneration of endemic tree Prosopis tamarugo in the Pampa del Tamarugal is almost absent. Soil salinity is probably an important barrier for tamarugo seedling establishment. Despite there are numerous techniques to manage soil salinity, substrates prepared using mix of saline soil and sand are poorly known. In the present study, the effect of different experimental substrates was evaluated on root growth and seedling survival of P. tamarugo. The experimental soils were prepared using natural soil and sand in equal proportion (1:1) and using a double proportion of sand (1:2). Saline soil used as control treatment. Bulk density (B.D.), electrical conductivity (E.C.) and sodium and chloride concentration was characterized for the three experimental soils. Seedling root growth was evaluated through length and root biomass, root/shoot ratio (R/S) and specific root length (SRL). Root biomass was also monitored during the study. Aerial growth was determined using leaf formation. Additionally, salt content in tissues and survival of seedlings were evaluated at the day 50 of initiated of experiment. The natural soil presented a E.C. (176 dS/m) and B.D. (0.9 g/cc) higher tan experimental soils 1:1 (132 dS/m and 1.1 g/cc) and 1:2 (140 dS/m and 1.4 g/cc). Sodium and chloride concentration decreased on average by 37 and 41% in 1:1 and 1:2 soils with sand amendment respectively in comparison with the natural saline soil. Seedlings grown in the two amendment soils showed significant growth in root length, root biomass, R/S and SRL and significantly increased their root biomass by day 30. They also exhibited a lower sodium and chloride concentration in their tissues, more number of pairs of leaves and a higher final survival compared with seedling growing on experimental natural saline soil. These results support the idea that amendment of saline soil with sand as a management technique promotes root growth and increases seedling survival of P. tamarugo.La regeneración natural del árbol endémico Prosopis tamarugo es casi inexistente en la Pampa del Tamarugal, probablemente la salinidad del suelo es una barrera para el establecimiento de plántulas. Aunque existen numerosas técnicas para manejar la salinidad del suelo, la creación de un sustrato en la que suelo salino es mezclado con arena es escasamente conocido. En el presente estudio se profundizó en el efecto de tres sustratos experimentales (suelo salino natural, suelo 1:1 y suelo 1:2) en el crecimiento de raíces y supervivencia de plántulas de P. tamarugo durante un período de 50 días. El suelo 1:1 fue creado mezclando suelo natural y arena en igual proporción y el suelo 1:2, aumentado la proporción de arena al doble. Para los tres suelos se caracterizó la densidad aparente (D.A.), conductividad eléctrica (C.E.) y la concentración de sodio y cloruro. El crecimiento radicular de las plántulas fue caracterizado midiendo al final del estudio la longitud y biomasa de raíces, cociente raíz/tallo (R/T) y longitud radicular específica (LRE), además se monitoreó la biomasa radicular durante el estudio. El crecimiento aéreo se midió a través de la formación de hojas. Finalmente fue determinado el contenido de sales en los tejidos y la sobrevivencia de plántulas en cada suelo experimental. El suelo natural presentó una C.E. (176 dS/m) y D.A. (0,9 g/cc) más alta comparada con el suelo 1:1 (132 dS/m y 1,1 g/cc) y suelo 1:2 (140 dS/m y 1,4 g/cc). La concentración de sodio y cloruro disminuyó en promedio un 37 y 41% en los suelos 1:1 y 1:2, respectivamente comparado con el suelo salino natural. Las plántulas que crecieron en estos dos suelos presentaron un crecimiento significativo en longitud y biomasa radicular, R/T y LRE e incrementaron notablemente su biomasa radicular a partir del día 30. También exhibieron un menor contenido de sodio y cloruro en sus tejidos, mayor número de pares de hojas y una alta sobrevivencia final. Estos resultados apoyan la idea que incorporando arena en suelo salino como técnica de manejo de la salinidad del suelo favorece el crecimiento de las raíces y aumenta la supervivencia de plántulas de P. tamarugo

Biotic homogenization in the availability of ornamental seeds of the native flora in Chile

Biotic homogenization is a global phenomenon, mainly in urban areas where exotic species are dominant, contributing to the loss of native biodiversity. Gardening native flora to promote local biodiversity is becoming a conservation practice in urban settings. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the representation of the Chilean native flora in the Chilean and international ornamental flower seed market to know which native plant seeds are sold. We found that native seed are absent in the local market and that the totality of seed supply in the market corresponds to species of exotic origin, mainly from the Palearctic region (43%). However, surprisingly, many Chilean flower seeds are traded in the international market (approximately 6% of the total Chilean flora). This lack of availability of native seeds for local consumers constitutes a bottleneck for ecological restoration initiatives. It is consistent with the greater abundance of exotic species in urban green areas and supports the hypothesis of biocultural homogenization

Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: A Synopsis of Coordinated National Crop Wild Relative Seed Collecting Programs across Five Continents

The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Project set out to improve the diversity, quantity, and accessibility of germplasm collections of crop wild relatives (CWR). Between 2013 and 2018, partners in 25 countries, heirs to the globetrotting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, undertook seed collecting expeditions targeting CWR of 28 crops of global significance for agriculture. Here, we describe the implementation of the 25 national collecting programs and present the key results. A total of 4587 unique seed samples from at least 355 CWR taxa were collected, conserved ex situ, safety duplicated in national and international genebanks, and made available through the Multilateral System (MLS) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty). Collections of CWR were made for all 28 targeted crops. Potato and eggplant were the most collected genepools, although the greatest number of primary genepool collections were made for rice. Overall, alfalfa, Bambara groundnut, grass pea and wheat were the genepools for which targets were best achieved. Several of the newly collected samples have already been used in pre-breeding programs to adapt crops to future challenges.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y relación con el control metabólico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal crónico con hemodiálisis en Bogotá, ColombiaAmputación de extremidades inferiores: ¿están aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en jóvenes universitariosCómo crecen niños normales de 2 años que son sobrepeso a los 7 añosDiagnóstico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Región MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervención con ejercicio físico, en niños con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con síndrome metabólico e IMC < 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiología de las muertes hospitalarias por patologías relacionadas a muerte encefálica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4º medio de la Región de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluación del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de TarapacáImplicancias psicosociales en la génesis, evolución y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducción de nuevas TIC y mejoría de la asistencia a un programa de saludNiños obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Río de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicación en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en población preescolar y su relación con malnutrición por excesoPrevalencia de retinopatía diabética en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacológica antihipertensiva en población mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biológico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad pública del estado de São Paul

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &lt;1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Phytostabilization of massive mine wastes with native phytogenetic resources: potential for sustainable use and conservation of the native flora in north-central Chile

The mining industry has left an important legacy of inadequately abandoned tailing storage facilities (TSFs) in the north-central area of Chile, and they may pose environmental risks. The Chilean government has recently established new regulations governing the closure of TSFs, and these regulations favor the use of environmentally sustainable technologies. Among these technologies is phytostabilization, which can use native plant species that may also have economic and/or subsistence value. Phytostabilization programs based on sustainably maintained native species could also contribute to the conservation of both local flora and regional ecosystems in north-central Chile. The main objective of this study was to use the Coquimbo region as a case study area to look for added economic value from native plant species that have spontaneously colonized abandoned TSFs and to look for other species that, given their ecological characteristics, may be established on post-operational TSFs by phytostabilization. A review of technical, scientific and ethnobotanic literature on traditional uses and recently discovered uses of selected plant species was performed. The results showed that 68 spontaneously colonizing phytostabilization species have at least one known use, while 420 species with potential for use in phytostabilization (28% of the regional native flora) have various uses. Ornamentation, cattle forage, mellipherous, medicine, crafts and phytochemicals are the main uses identified for the local native flora. Most of the identified species are endemic to Chile (69%). These species are therefore a very valuable phytogenetic resource that can be used in the rehabilitation of massive mine wastes. This unique resource could be lost if these species are not identified and studied in the near future.La minería metálica ha dejado una gran cantidad de depósitos de relaves en la zona centro-norte de Chile inadecuadamente abandonados, significando un riesgo para el ambiente. Por ello, la actual normativa minera chilena enfatiza la estabilización de estos depósitos para su adecuado cierre, favoreciendo el uso de tecnologías ambientalmente sustentables. Entre ellas se encuentra la fitoestabilización, tecnología que puede ser favorecida al incorporar especies que proporcionen usos económicos y de subsistencia. La incorporación de especies nativas en programas de fitoestabilización y su aprovechamiento sustentable podrían aportar, también, en la conservación de la flora nativa y de los ecosistemas de la zona centro-norte de Chile. En esta investigación, se indagó sobre los usos alternativos que podrían tener las especies nativas que han colonizando espontáneamente depósitos de relaves abandonados y de otras especies que, dadas sus características ecológicas, podrían establecerse sobre tranques de relaves post-operativos en el marco de la tecnología de fitoestabilización, tomando la Región de Coquimbo como caso de estudio. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica, técnica y etnobotánica sobre los usos tradicionales y aquellos que se han descubierto recientemente de las especies nativas de la region. Los resultados indicaron que 68 especies colonizadoras espontáneas tienen al menos un uso conocido, mientras que 420 especies con potencial de utilización en programas de fitoestabilización, un 28% de la flora nativa regional, presentan posibles usos que brindarían un beneficio adicional a la estabilización de estos depósitos. Entre los principales usos identificados se encuentran el ornamental, forrajero, apícola, medicinal, principio químico y artesanal. Un 69% de estas especies son endémicas de Chile, constituyendo un valioso recurso fitogenético en la mitigación de problemas ambientales relacionados con el sector minero, que podrían perderse si no se identifican y estudian a tiempo

The effect of chilling on seed germination of placea species (Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae), an endemic genus to central Chile Efecto del frío sobre la germinación de semillas en especies de Placea (Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae), un género endémico de Chile central

The effect of chilling on germination was examined for six Placea species, a genus in the Amaryllidaceae endemic to the Andes and Coastal Range of central Chile. Based on their natural environment, we hypothesized that low temperatures would be important for germination in theses species. We addressed two questions (i) do Placea seeds require chilling for seed germination? (ii) if they required chilling, does thermal history before chilling affect their responsivity to chilling? At 4ºC seeds of all species germinated faster and to a higher level than at 25ºC. After 28 days, when seeds held at 25ºC were moved to 4ºC, germination increased significantly, however at the end of the assay, their germination was still lower than those seeds initially at 4ºC. Thus, Placea seeds required chilling for germinate. Seeds of Placea species might have physiological dormancy or might be non-dormant but with narrow and low range of temperature that are optimal for germinationSe examinó el efecto del frío en la germinación de seis especies de Placea, un género en las Amaryllidaceae endémico de los Andes y Costa de Chile central. Basándonos en su ambiente natural, hipotetizamos que las bajas temperaturas debieran ser importantes para la germinación de estas especies. Se analizaron dos preguntas, (i) ¿Necesitan las semillas de Placea frío para poder germinar? (ii) si requieren frío, ¿afecta la historia térmica, antes del frío en su posterior respuesta al frío? A 4°C las semillas de todas las especies germinaron más rápidamente y en mayor cantidad que a 25°C. En el día 28, cuando las semillas a 25°C fueron movidas a 4°C, la germinación aumentó significativamente, sin embargo al final del ensayo, su germinación siguió siendo inferior que aquellas inicialmente a 4°C. Por lo tanto, las semillas de Placea requirieron frío para germinar. Las semillas de Placea tendrían latencia fisiológica o podrían ser no latentes pero con un acotado rango de temperatura óptima para su germinació