Gravity anomalies and orthogonal box fold development on heterogeneous basement in the Neogene Ronda Depression (Western Betic Cordillera)

28 páginas, 6 figuras.-- PDF es el manucristo aceptado del autor (post-print).The Ronda Depression constitutes a Neogene intramontane basin located in the external zones of the Western Betic Cordillera. Major deformation structures affect only the southwestern part of its sedimentary infill and consist of NNE–SSW and WNW–ESE box folds that developed simultaneously. New gravity data reveal two negative NNE–SSW elongated Bouguer anomalies, unrelated to basin depocenters, but corresponding to the accumulation of low-density ductile Triassic basement rocks in the core of antiforms or directly under the northwestern undeformed sedimentary infill. The Subbetic basement is also deformed by early-Burdigalian to Serravallian NNE–SSW folds and thrusts, although there is no clear continuity with those affecting the late-Miocene sedimentary infill. The aim of this contribution is to describe in detail the late-Miocene folds that deform the Ronda Depression, as well as to discuss the role of the basement nature on their reactivation. The reactivation of the pre-Tortonian folds, due to the heterogeneous distribution of evaporitic Triassic rocks in the basement as well as the presence of rigid limestones on the southwestern basin boundary, determined the simultaneous orthogonal fold development that only evidence local deformation.This study was supported by a PhD grant to the first author from Spain´s Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and the projects CSD2006-00041 and CGL 2006-06001 (MEC) and Junta de Andalucía.Peer reviewe

Gallid herpesvirus 3 SB-1 strain as a recombinant viral vector for poultry vaccination

Live herpesvirus-vectored vaccines are widely used in veterinary medicine to protect against many infectious diseases. In poultry, three strains of herpesvirus vaccines are used against Marek’s disease (MD). However, of these, only the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) has been successfully developed and used as a recombinant vaccine vector to induce protection against other avian viral diseases such as infectious bursal disease (IBD), Newcastle disease (ND) or avian influenza (AI). Although effective when administered individually, recombinant HVT vectors have limitations when combined in multivalent vaccines. Thus there is a need for developing additional viral vectors that could be combined with HVT in inducing protection against multiple avian diseases in multivalent vaccines. Gallid herpesvirus 3 (GaHV3) strain SB-1 is widely used by the poultry industry as bivalent vaccine in combination with HVT to exploit synergistic effects against MD. Here, we report the development and application of SB-1 as a vaccine vector to express the VP2 capsid antigen of IBD virus. A VP2 expression cassette was introduced into the SB-1 genome at three intergenic locations (UL3/UL4, UL10/UL11 and UL21/UL22) using recombineering methods on the full-length pSB-1 infectious clone of the virus. We show that the recombinant SB-1 vectors expressing VP2 induced neutralising antibody responses at levels comparable to that of commercial HVT-based VAXXITEKHVT+IBD vaccine. Birds vaccinated with the experimental recombinant SB-1 vaccine were protected against clinical disease after challenge with the very virulent UK661 IBDV isolate, demonstrating its value as an efficient viral vector for developing multivalent vaccines against avian diseases

Tectónica reciente y activa en la parte occidental de la Cordillera Bética

Based on new seismological and recent faulting data, we analyze five main sectors in the western part of the Betic Cordillera from an active tectonic perspective: i. The northwestern frontal sector of the cordillera, including the Morón de la Frontera area, with shallow (< 15 km depth) seismogenic active NE-SW reverse and strike-slip faults that do not reach the surface. ii. The Teba area, in the External Zones, which is deformed by sparse N-S to NW-SE normal faults with associated wedges of Quaternary sediments and active strike-slip faults at intermediate crustal levels. iii. The Ronda Basin, representing the major Late Miocene intramontane basin of the western Betic Cordillera, is mainly deformed by NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE folds and locally by NW-SE normal faults. iv. The internal part of the orogen, which is characterized by shallow (<40 km) and intermediate (40 to 120 km depth) seismicity beneath Málaga and the Alborán Sea, ENE-WSW folding, relief uplift, river incision and scarce active faults with surface expression. v. The Spanish Atlantic coast, which coincides with the western end of the Betic orogen, where Pliocene to Quaternary shallowmarine sedimentary rocks are deformed by meso-scale NW-SE oriented normal faults and few ENE-WSW reverse faults. These data support the recent tectonic activity of the western Betic Cordillera determined by the NW-SE Eurasian-African convergence with variable features from the mountain front, characterized by shallow deformations, up to the Internal Zones that mainly undergo uplift and intermediate seismicity.Se han analizado, basándonos en nuevos datos sismológicos y de deformación reciente, cinco sectores de la Cordillera Bética occidental desde la perspectiva de la tectónica reciente: i. El sector frontal noroccidental de la cordillera, que incluye el área de Morón de la Frontera, con fallas sismogénicas superficiales (< 15 km de profundidad) de dirección NE-SO inversas y de salto en dirección, que no continúan hasta superficie. ii. El área de Teba, en las Zonas Externas, está deformada por escasas fallas de salto en dirección a niveles intermedios de la corteza y fallas normales de orientación N-S a NO-SE que cortan cuñas sedimentarias cuaternarias. iii. La Cuenca de Ronda, que representa la mayor cuenca intramontañosa de la Cordillera Bética occidental, está principalmente deformada por pliegues NNE-SSO y ONO-ESE y localmente por fallas normales de dirección NO-SE. iv. La parte interna del orógeno está caracterizada por sismicidad superficial (<40 km) e intermedia (40 a 120 km de profundidad) bajo Málaga y el Mar de Alborán, pliegues ENE-WSW, elevación del relieve, incisión fluvial y escasas fallas activas con expresión superficial. v. La costa Atlántica española, que coincide con la terminación occidental del orógeno Bético, donde las rocas sedimentarias marinas poco profundas del Plio-Cuaternario están deformadas por fallas normales NO-SE y algunas fallas inversas de orientación ENE-OSO. Todos estos datos revelan la actividad tectónica reciente de la Cordillera Bética occidental determinada por la convergencia NO-SE entre Eurasia y África, con variables características desde el frente montañoso, caracterizado por deformación superficial, hasta las Zonas Internas que muestran sismicidad intermedia y levantamiento

Structure of a complex carbonate aquifer by magnetic, gravity and TDEM prospecting in the Jaén area, Southern Spain

Knowledge of aquifer geometry is essential for efficient and sustainable groundwater management, particularly in carbonate aquifers due to uncertainties inherent to karstic systems. The geological structure and hydrogeological continuity of Los Chotos-Sazadilla-Los Nacimientos and La Serreta-Gante-Cabeza Montosa carbonate aquifers (Jaén; SE Spain) have been established through structural measurements, geophysical prospecting –magnetic, gravity and time-domain electromagnetics (TDEM)– and the study of piezometric levels. Yet the scarce hydrogeological data, the complexity of the tectonic structure and the presence of Plio-Quaternary rocks covering the highly permeable carbonate rocks make it difficult to establish a robust conceptual hydrogeological model of the aquifer. This study focuses on an area where hydrogeological disconnection between the two aquifers was traditionally assumed, given the diapiric emplacement of low permeable rocks between them. The new geophysical data demonstrate connection between aquifers that implies greater groundwater reserves than previously supposed. This field example supports the suitability of the combined use of electromagnetic methods with gravity and magnetic research that have been poorly combined up to recent times for hydrogeological studies

Structure of a complex carbonate aquifer by magnetic, gravity and TDEM prospecting in the Jaén area, Southern Spain

Knowledge of aquifer geometry is essential for efficient and sustainable groundwater management, particularly in carbonate aquifers due to uncertainties inherent to karstic systems. The geological structure and hydrogeological continuity of Los Chotos-Sazadilla-Los Nacimientos and La Serreta-Gante-Cabeza Montosa carbonate aquifers (Jaén; SE Spain) have been established through structural measurements, geophysical prospecting –magnetic, gravity and time-domain electromagnetics (TDEM)– and the study of piezometric levels. Yet the scarce hydrogeological data, the complexity of the tectonic structure and the presence of Plio-Quaternary rocks covering the highly permeable carbonate rocks make it difficult to establish a robust conceptual hydrogeological model of the aquifer. This study focuses on an area where hydrogeological disconnection between the two aquifers was traditionally assumed, given the diapiric emplacement of low permeable rocks between them. The new geophysical data demonstrate connection between aquifers that implies greater groundwater reserves than previously supposed. This field example supports the suitability of the combined use of electromagnetic methods with gravity and magnetic research that have been poorly combined up to recent times for hydrogeological studies.This work was financed by the Diputación Provincial de Jaén and through the project CGL-2010-21048, and the Junta de Andalucía group RNM148 and P09-RNM-5388

Diarrea vírica bovina: etiología, formas clínicas, distribución del virus y patogenia

El virus de la diarrea vírica bovina (vDVB) es un agente de distribución mundial y responsable de cuantiosas pérdidas económica a la cabaña bovina, estando clasificado dentro de la familia Flaviviridae junto a otros pestivirus como el virus de la peste porcina clásica, el virus de la enfermedad de la frontera de la oveja y el virus de la hepatitis C. Este virus se caracteriza por causar una amplia variedad de formas clínicas que van desde forma subagudas, que pasan desapercibidas, a formas caracterizadas por desarrollar una intensa leucopenia, trombocitopenia y hemorragias. Acorde con sus diferencias antigénicas y genéticas, los aislados del virus se pueden clasificar en 2 genotipos o especies: vDVB tipo 1 y vDVB tipo 2. El primero causa enfermedad leve pero en vacas preñadas, las infecciones fetales pueden inducir abortos y otras patologías reproductivas. El vDVB tipo 2 está asociado principalmente a la enfermedad respiratoria severa y a un cuadro hemorrágico agudo, caracterizado por trombocitopenia, diarrea hemorrágica, epistaxis, petequias, equimosis en mucosas, anemia, sangrado en zonas de inyección, pirexia, leucopenia y muerte.Independientemente del genotipo al que pertenezca, el vDVB puede ser clasificado en 2 biotipos acorde con su efecto sobre cultivos celulares: citopático (CP) y no citopático (NCP), siendo estos últimos los más comunes en la naturaleza. La infección del feto con cepas NCP entre los días 40 y 120 de la gestación, puede dar lugar al nacimiento de animales persistentemente infectados (PI). En estos animales el virus se distribuye ampliamente a través de todos los órganos, siendo el daño limitado, lo que permite que la gestación continúe. Estos animales están predispuestos a padecer infecciones secundarias, así como a desarrollar la denominada enfermedad de las mucosas cuando se infectan con cepas CP antigénicamente homólogas

Mantle flow and deep electrical anisotropy in a main gateway: MT study in Tierra del Fuego

Asthenospheric mantle flow drives lithospheric plate motion and constitutes a relevant feature of Earth gateways. It most likely influences the spatial pattern of seismic velocity and deep electrical anisotropies. The Drake Passage is a main gateway in the global pattern of mantle flow. The separation of the South American and Antarctic plates since the Oligocene produced this oceanic and mantle gateway connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Here we analyze the deep crustal and upper mantle electrical anisotropy of its northern margin using long period magnetotelluric data from Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). The influence of the surrounding oceans was taken into account to constrain the mantle electrical conductivity features. 3D electrical models were calculated to fit 18 sites responses in this area. The phase tensor pattern for the longest periods reveals the existence of a well-defined NW-SE electrical conductivity anisotropy in the upper mantle. This anisotropy would result from the mantle flow related to the 30 to 6 Ma West Scotia spreading, constricted by the subducted slab orientation of the Pacific plate, rather than the later eastward mantle flow across the Drake Passage. Deep electrical anisotropy proves to be a key tool for a better understanding of mantle flow.This work was supported through projects CTM2014-60451-C2-02/01 and CTM2017-89711-C2-2/1-P from Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain and the RNM-148 from Junta de Andalucía (Spain)

Las fallas y pliegues recientes y activos de la parte centro-oriental de las Zonas Internas de la Cordillera Bética

The most recent tectonic structures of the central-eastern Internal Zones of the Betic Cordillera (from 3.1ºW to 1.7ºW and to the south of 37.525ºN) include fault and folds developed from the Late Miocene onwards, which are related to N-S/NW-SE directed continental collision and moderate thickening of a crust that is relatively hot at depth. In this setting, E-W to WSW-ENE folds, with locally associated E-W transpressive right-lateral and reverse faults, favoured the emersion of the northern Alborán basin palaeomargin and the progressive intramontane basin disconnection. The NNE-SSW to NE-SW trending regional left-lateral Palomares and Carboneras fault zones are dominant structures in the easternmost part of the cordillera. In addition, NW-SE to WNWESE trending normal and oblique-slip normal faults are widespread. The collision is still active and continues to drive active folds and faults, some probably being the likely source of moderate-sized earthquakes. The Campo de Dalías and surrounding sectors, deformed by active ENE-WSW folds and NW-SE to WNW-ESE oblique-slip normal faults, are probably the sites with the largest concentration of significant earthquakes during recent years. Moderate-magnitude earthquakes (Mw 5.0 to 6.5) have occurred there at fairly regular intervals, in 1804, 1910, and 1994. Toward the east, NW-SE trending normal faults extending from Almería to the Tabernas basin deform the Quaternary rocks with associated moderate seismicity (the 2002 Gergal Mw 4.7 earthquake, and possibly the 1894 Nacimiento earthquake, felt with intensity VII). In the Sorbas-Vera basin, the Palomares fault zone is also responsible for moderate-sized earthquakes (1518 Vera earthquake). In the Almanzora corridor, NW-SE to WNW-ESE trending Lúcar-Somontín faults also could be considered one of the possible source of moderate-magnitude seismicity (1932 Lúcar, Mw 4.8 earthquake felt with intensity VIII). Toward the east, between Albox and Partaloa, several small reverse faults and associated compressive structures deform Quaternary alluvial and fluvial sediments. Although some of these folds reveal a slow and progressive deformation from the Middle Pleistocene onwards, some of these reverse fault segments that deform the western Huércal-Overa basin could host the 1972 NW Partaloa, mbLg 4.8 earthquake, felt with intensity VII.Las estructuras tectónicas más recientes que deforman la parte centro-oriental de las Zonas Internas de Cordillera Bética (entre 3.1º y 1.7ºO y al sur de 37.525ºN) son fallas y pliegues que comenzaron a formarse aproximadamente en el Mioceno superior en un contexto de colisión continental N-S/NO-SE y moderado engrosamiento cortical. En este marco tectónico, pliegues y fallas transpresivas dextras e inversas de direcciones E-O/OSO-ENE favorecieron la emersión del borde norte de la paleocuenca de Alborán y la progresiva desconexión de pequeñas cuencas intramontañosas. Además, comenzaron a formarse las grandes zonas de falla de Palomares y Carboneras, con direcciones NNE-SSO y NE-SO respectivamente y movimientos sinistros, que también han condicionado la evolución de la Cordillera Bética oriental desde el Mioceno superior. Algunas fallas con salto normal/normal-oblicuo y trazas NO-SE/ONO-ESE también se han desarrollado ampliamente en toda la zona de estudio. La colisión, aún activa, permite que algunos pliegues y fallas continúen propagándose en la actualidad, eventualmente causando terremotos con magnitudes moderadas. El Campo de Dalías y los sectores adyacentes, deformados por pliegues activos de direcciones ENE-OSO y fallas NO-SE/ONOESE normales-oblicuas, probablemente representan la zona con mayor concentración de terremotos importantes (Mw 5.0-6.5) con eventos recurrentes en 1804, 1910 y 1994. Al este del Campo de Dalías, una amplia zona de falla normal se extiende en dirección NO-SE desde Almería hasta la cuenca de Tabernas. Esta zona de falla muestra evidencias de funcionamiento durante el Cuaternario y tiene sismicidad moderada asociada a su terminación septentrional (el terremoto de Gergal en 2002 con Mw 4.7; y posiblemente el terremoto de Nacimiento en 1894 con intensidad VII). La zona de falla de Palomares es también responsable de terremotos moderados en la Cuenca de Sorbas-Vera (terremoto de Vera en 1518). En la parte central del corredor del Almanzora, alguno de los segmentos de falla normal que se extienden entre Lúcar y Somontín podría ser responsable del terremoto de Lúcar, en 1932 (Mw 4.8 e intensidad VIII). Al este, entre Albox y Partaloa, se han descrito fallas inversas y pliegues asociados que deforman sedimentos cuaternarios. Aunque algunas de estas estructuras muestran evidencias de funcionamiento lento y progresivo durante el Cuaternario, el terremoto de Partaloa en 1972 (mbLg 4.8 e intensidad VII) pudo ser causado por la actividad de cualquiera de estos segmentos de falla inversa que deforman la parte occidental de la cuenca de Huércal-Overa