Letter from the Editor

Our inspiration to conduct research can come from anywhere. For some, it might be an interesting idea from a lecture, or a unique detail from a research article. For others, it could be an observation of the world around us, whether it is of the behavior of people or the inner workings of nature. Each day we are all struck by this inspiration, as our surroundings are rich with the potential to draw out our latent curiosity. One of the rewarding qualities of research is when we become curious enough to pursue this inspiration, wherever it might take us. The OURJ exists to celebrate this curiosity, as each of these works reflect their author's passion to follow their questions to a logical end

The Big Five Across Socioeconomic Status: Measurement Invariance, Relationships, and Age Trends

24 pagesAssociations between socioeconomic status (SES) and personality traits have important implications for theory and application. Progress in understanding these associations depends on valid measurement, unbiased estimation, and careful assessment of generalizability. In this registered report, we used data from AIID, a large online study, to address three basic questions about personality and SES. First, we evaluated the measurement invariance of a common measure of personality, the Big Five Inventory, across indicators of educational attainment, income, and occupational prestige. Fit indices showed some instances of detectable noninvariance, but with little practical impact on substantive results. Second, we estimated associations between SES and personality. Results showed that personality and SES were largely independent (most rs < .1), in contrast to predictions derived from several previous studies. Third, we tested whether age trends in personality were moderated by SES. Results did not support predictions from social investment theory, but they did suggest that age trends were largely generalizable across SES. We discuss the implications of these findings for developing and validating personality measures for use in diverse samples. We also discuss the implications for theories that propose that the Big Five are responsive to, or partially responsible for, people’s economic and social conditions

A Multilab Replication of the Ego Depletion Effect

There is an active debate regarding whether the ego depletion effect is real. A recent preregistered experiment with the Stroop task as the depleting task and the antisaccade task as the outcome task found a medium-level effect size. In the current research, we conducted a preregistered multilab replication of that experiment. Data from 12 labs across the globe (N = 1,775) revealed a small and significant ego depletion effect, d = 0.10. After excluding participants who might have responded randomly during the outcome task, the effect size increased to d = 0.16. By adding an informative, unbiased data point to the literature, our findings contribute to clarifying the existence, size, and generality of ego depletion

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

PANC Study (Pancreatitis: A National Cohort Study): national cohort study examining the first 30 days from presentation of acute pancreatitis in the UK

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis is a common, yet complex, emergency surgical presentation. Multiple guidelines exist and management can vary significantly. The aim of this first UK, multicentre, prospective cohort study was to assess the variation in management of acute pancreatitis to guide resource planning and optimize treatment. Methods All patients aged greater than or equal to 18 years presenting with acute pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria, from March to April 2021 were eligible for inclusion and followed up for 30 days. Anonymized data were uploaded to a secure electronic database in line with local governance approvals. Results A total of 113 hospitals contributed data on 2580 patients, with an equal sex distribution and a mean age of 57 years. The aetiology was gallstones in 50.6 per cent, with idiopathic the next most common (22.4 per cent). In addition to the 7.6 per cent with a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, 20.1 per cent of patients had a previous episode of acute pancreatitis. One in 20 patients were classed as having severe pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria. The overall mortality rate was 2.3 per cent at 30 days, but rose to one in three in the severe group. Predictors of death included male sex, increased age, and frailty; previous acute pancreatitis and gallstones as aetiologies were protective. Smoking status and body mass index did not affect death. Conclusion Most patients presenting with acute pancreatitis have a mild, self-limiting disease. Rates of patients with idiopathic pancreatitis are high. Recurrent attacks of pancreatitis are common, but are likely to have reduced risk of death on subsequent admissions. </jats:sec

What Types of Status Matter? Consensus, Accuracy, and Personality Antecedents of a Two-Component Model of Status

Project files are comprised of 1 page pdf and presentation recording in mp4 format.In hierarchies, people are assigned ranking based on their status and power compared to others. A person’s status is conferred based on two components: the respect and admiration that they receive from others, and how much social influence they possess (Anderson, Hildreth, & Howland, 2015). The study’s primary aim is to examine the relationship between these two components, as well as how they are related to the perceptions, personality traits, and behaviors associated with status. We have three sets of hypotheses. First, the components of respect/admiration and social influence will positively correlate with each other. Second, people in a group will achieve consensus and accuracy in their perceptions of these components of status. Third, the personality trait of extraversion will predict the attainment of respect/admiration and social influence in groups. We will also test how other individual differences predict the attainment of these components of status. These relationships were tested with the Social Relations Model. To test these hypotheses, we collected data from group interactions comprised of four to six people (N = 218). Groups collaborated on a scholarship decision-making task, where each person took turns presenting different candidates’ profiles and then the group would make a unanimous decision on how to award scholarships. While there is extensive research on the perceptions and behaviors of status, the present study seeks to supplement this research by examining how they relate to the individual components of respect/admiration and social influence

What Types of Status Matter? Consensus, Accuracy, and Personality Antecedents of a Two-Component Model of Status

39 pagesIn social hierarchies, people are organized based on their status, which is determined by the judgments of others and has two components: respect and influence. The focus of this work was to understand the relationship and effects of these components in interpersonal perceptions. We tested three hypotheses: 1) Self-reports, perceptions, and target effects of respect and influence will be associated such that individuals who are perceived as having greater respect will also be perceived as having higher levels of influence; 2) Others will agree about who has respect and influence in a group (consensus), and will also agree about their own relative respect and influence in the group (accuracy); 3) Personality traits will predict who attains status. To test these hypotheses, we had groups of four to six individuals (N = 225) complete a leaderless group decision-making task and then provide ratings about the status and personality of each of the other members of the group. We find support for the relationship between respect and influence and that people achieve consensus and accuracy in their perceptions of these components of status. We also find that Extraversion and the facet of sociability are associated with respect and influence, and that these components have distinct relationships with other individual differences

Letter from the Editor

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