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Late-Diagnosed Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Women: The Need for Holistic Treatment

Recent research on adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has established that, on average, women receive a diagnosis four years later than their male counterparts (Skoglund et al., 2023). Women who receive a late diagnosis are faced with delayed access to treatment and are therefore at risk for worsening symptomology, comorbid mental health diagnoses, and poor self-concept (Holthe & Langvik, 2017). Each of these risk factors places additional demand on the currently accepted ADHD treatment options for adults, leading to poorer treatment efficacy and satisfaction among this population (Huynh et al., 2024). Holistic health is a treatment approach that views patients as a whole person, rather than a set of symptoms, which can be leveraged to fit the individual needs of late-diagnosed women with ADHD (American Psychiatric Association, 2018). Building on ideas of holistic health, the purpose of this white paper is to offer practical, targeted solutions to address the female ADHD treatment gap. Solutions include disseminating an adapted version of the ADHD STAR as the standard of care for late-diagnosed women, employing liaisons in primary care and emergency care settings, and leveraging the hybrid research model (Adamou et al., 2016; Boll et al., 2021; Jäderholm et al., 2023; Landes et al., 2019). Each of these solutions aims to improve treatment and mental health outcomes for late-diagnosed women, supporting the work of practitioners and research interventionists

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Federal Forest Restoration Program Update: Activities and Outcomes

4 pagesThe Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) Federal Forest Restoration Program (FFRP) enters the new year with structural changes and new investments, strengthening its ability to deliver work on the ground. The program transitioned from ODF’s Forest Resources Division to the State Forests Division to better align how the department plans and implements forest stewardship across ownerships. This move also expands the program’s access to in-house expertise, including road specialists, biologists, and planners. In the new biennium, the program will also focus on measuring progress toward resilience outcomes within priority watersheds identified in the 20-year landscape resilience strategy. As a pilot effort, ODF, the University of Oregon’s Ecosystem Workforce Program, and Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources will conduct landscape evaluations across six watersheds with high restoration need and a high proportion of federal forest ownership. Findings will be used to describe current conditions and establish recommended treatment types and targets, enabling future actions to be measured against defined goals. Finally, the FFRP will reoffer the Forest Collaborative Grant opportunity with an expanded scope. In addition to supporting zones of agreement development, grants will now support collective action forest partnerships, reflecting the evolving role of forest collaboratives in Oregon while ensuring investments continue to advance the program’s mission.Funded by Oregon Department of Forestry

Rostanga pulchra: One Species or Three, Differentiating Morphology Within a Cryptic Species Complex

63 pages.The nudibranch Rostanga pulchra, first described by F.M. MacFarland in 1905, has long been regarded as a single, morphologically variable species distributed along the Pacific coast of North America. Recent DNA barcoding, however, reveals that R. pulchra represents a cryptic species complex comprising at least three genetically distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs, a term which is commonly used when species are being identified by DNA barcoding alone) occurring sympatrically in Oregon. Delineating species, whether cryptic or not, is fundamental to biology as it underpins accurate biodiversity estimation, ecological interpretation, and evolutionary inference. This thesis integrates DNA barcoding with comprehensive morphological analyses to identify diagnostic characteristics that distinguish the three genetically distinct groups, in a revival of the golden age of biological observation. While molecular tools are powerful for detecting hidden diversity, the ability to differentiate species morphologically is equally essential for practical identification, ecological study, and formal taxonomic description. Live external morphological surveys revealed differences in the structure of dorsal caryophyllidia —specifically relative spicule height and spicule position—as well as in minute spot aggregation and density. Radular morphology, examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed two useful diagnostic features: the angle of the inner pleural tooth base and length of the inner pleural tooth basal marginal facing extension. Egg diameter was also measured and evaluated as a potential species-level character. Together, dorsal caryophyllidium microstructure, minute spot aggregation patterns, radular metrics, and egg diameter provide a cohesive morphological framework for distinguishing members of the Rostanga pulchra species complex and form the foundation for future species descriptions. Moreover, with newly identified characteristics of each OTU, a hypothesis of the true identity of Rostanga pulchra is made. More broadly, the framework presented here offers a methodological template for resolving additional cryptic species complexes within Discodorididae and other nudibranchs

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Directional Swimming Variance in Salp Colonies May Underpin Diel Vertical Migration Behavior

52 pages.Salps are pelagic tunicates that swim with jet propulsion. Their life cycle involves a colonial stage where multiple zooids pulse asynchronously to swim. Across the 48 described salp species, there is a diversity of colony forms depending on the positioning of zooids, referred to as colony architecture. Recent work shows that swimming speed differs across architecture types, suggesting that colony architecture influences locomotion. To test whether salp species vary in their directional swimming behavior and orientation, we used in situ SCUBA-based videography to analyze swimming tortuosity (crookedness of path) and directionality (swimming angle) across colony architectures. We found that in many cases streamlined colony architectures (linear) swam straighter than less streamlined architectures (whorl). Because some salp species are strong diel vertical migrators, we also tested how swimming behavior varies with light level and found significant differences in swimming directionality between night and day. In the daytime, non-streamlined colony architectures that are considered non-migrators or shallow migrators were more common and swim angle was predominantly upward towards the surface. At night, streamlined colony architectures that are deep migrators dominated, and swim angle was predominantly downward. Our findings therefore indicate that colony architecture plays a role in diel vertical migration. Overall, we find evidence for an association between colonial morphology, diel vertical migration, and swimming behavior

The Northwest Forest Plan, 30 years of social and economic change in rural forest-based communities (1994-2024): Chapter 11: Postscript

In this report, we present social and economic monitoring results for eight rural, forest-based communities within the NWFP area. Chapter 1 presents background and methods for the NWFP 30-year social and economic monitoring. Chapter 2 presents a synthesis of case study results and comparison of the communities. Chapters 3 through 10 present results from individual case studies. Individual case study chapters each address the over-arching monitoring question by presenting: (1) the historical trajectory and current state of social and economic well-being in the case study communities, and (2) the 2024 status and trends of the relationship between communities and federal forest management.We extend our sincere thanks and appreciation to community members, Forest Service employees, and timber industry representatives who participated in interviews. Thank you to our University of Oregon undergraduate student research assistants for transcript and citation cleaning (Myriah Hodgson, Emily Terry, Ruby Weinkle Matts, Sylvie Johnson, Marissa Sorlie), internet research and data collection (Myriah Hodgson, Ruby Weinkle Matts, Makena Adams), proofreading (Emily Terry, Ruby Weinkle Matts, Marissa Sorlie), GIS data and map drafting (Sylvie Johnson), and figure design (Marissa Sorlie). External peer review was provided by Susan Charnley, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Nick Goulette, The Watershed Research and Training Center; Gabe Kohler, Forest Stewards Guild; Thomas Timberlake, USDA Forest Service; and Jeff Vance Martin, Pacific Southwest Research Station. This work was supported by USDA Forest Service agreement number 23-CS-11062756-039. Historical photos courtesy of public domain. Upper Hood River Valley case study historical photos courtesy of The History Museum of Hood River County (verbal permission obtained on March 20, 2026). For a complete list of citations for historical photos found in this document, please see Appendix E. All other photographs courtesy of Michael R. Coughlan, Heidi Huber-Stearns, Julia Sizek, or public domain. Maps and figure design by Stephanie Schneider. Document layout and design by Sean Hamling, Josie Paik, and Marissa Sorlie