Osteomielitis y reacción perióstica en un venado soche (Mazama americana)

ABSTRACT: Anamnesis and treatment approach: a female red brocket deer (Mazama americana, Erxleben 1777) presented a post-traumatic abscess in the left-carpometacarpal joint. The deer was treated with enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) with no response. The animal underwent two surgical procedures to remove purulent material and perform adequate antisepsis as well as several antimicrobial therapies, with satisfactory results in a period of 68 days. Clinical and laboratory findings: according to the radiological and laboratory tests the animal developed a metacarpal bone osteomyelitis with periosteal reaction due to a beta-hemolytic Streptococcus abscess. Conclusion: to our knowledge, this is the first report of medical procedures in this species. The most relevant findings and treatment schedule are discussed.RESUMEN: Anamnesis y aproximación terapéutica: una hembra de venado soche (Mazama americana), que presentó un absceso postraumático en la articulación carpo-metacarpiana del miembro anterior izquierdo fue tratada con enrofloxacina (5 mg/kg) e ivermectina (0,2 mg/kg), sin responder al tratamiento. Se sometió a dos procedimientos quirúrgicos con el fin de extraer el material purulento y realizar una antisepsia adecuada, además de varias terapias antibióticas, con resultados satisfactorios en un término de 68 días. Hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio: de acuerdo a los resultados radiológicos y de laboratorio el animal desarrolló osteomielitis con reacción perióstica metacarpiana, debido a un absceso por Streptococcus beta-hemolítico. Conclusión: este es el primer reporte sobre procedimientos médicos en esta especie, se discuten los hallazgos clínicos y el esquema de tratamiento más relevante

Taxonomic distribution of neoplasia among non-domestic felid species under managed care

As evidenced by numerous case reports from zoos, neoplasia in felids is common, but most reports are limited to Panthera species in North America or Europe. In order to obtain a wider epidemiologic understanding of neoplasia distribution, necropsy records at seven facilities (USA, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Brazil) were evaluated. In contrast to others, this study population (195 cases, 16 species), included many non-Panthera felids. Overall neoplasia prevalence was 28.2% (55/195). Panthera species had a higher prevalence of neoplasia than non-Panthera species (52.5%; vs. 13.0%). Lions (66.7%), jaguars (55.0%), and tigers (31.3%) had the highest species-specific prevalence of neoplasia. Neoplasms in Panthera species were more frequently malignant than in non-Panthera (86.1% vs. 55.6%). The systems most commonly a_ected were the reproductive, hematolymphoid, and respiratory. The range of management conditions and more varied genetic backgrounds support a robust taxonomic pattern and suggest that the reported propensity for neoplasia in jaguars may have a genetic basis at a taxonomic level higher than species, as lions and tigers also have high prevalence. Given the high prevalence of neoplasia and high likelihood of malignancy, routine medical exams in all nondomestic felids, but Panthera species in particular, should include thorough assessments of any clinical signs of neoplasia

ENTEROPARÁSITOS CON POTENCIAL ZOONÓTICO EN ANIMALES EN CAUTIVERIO DEL ZOOLÓGICO DE CALI, COLOMBIA

Zoos are places with a high diversity of animals, some of which may have acquired a particular parasite load in both their area of origin or during their captivity. The probability of animal keepers contracting zoonotic diseases increases due to constant contact with the animals in their daily work. This descriptive ecological study was performed in order to establish the presence of intestinal parasites with zoonotic potential in captive animals at the Cali Zoological garden. In february 2013, serial pools of stools from psittacids (3 species), cebids (2 species), atelids (2 species), caviids (1 species), and lemurids (1 species), were collected and analyzed using direct smear and concentration techniques. Convenience sampling taking 53 individuals including mammals and birds was performed, yielding parasitological prevalence of 89%, distributed as follows: 57.2 % for helminths (31.8% Trichurida, 6.35% Ascaridida, 6.35% Uncinarias and 12.7 % Strongyloides sp.) and 31.8% for protozoa (19.05% Entamoeba spp. and 12.70 % Giardia spp.). The presence of potential zoonotic parasites in the positive samples such as Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp. and Strongyloides spp. demands studies in larger populations of animals and species using molecular methods.Los zoológicos son lugares con una alta diversidad de animales, algunos de los cuales pueden poseer una particular carga parasitaria adquirida tanto en su zona de origen como durante su cautiverio. La probabilidad de contraer infecciones zoonóticas aumenta por el constante contacto de los cuidadores con los animales en sus labores diarias. Se realizó un estudio ecológico descriptivo con el objetivo de establecer la presencia de enteroparásitos con potencial zoonótico en los animales en cautiverio del Zoológico de Cali. Durante el mes de febrero del 2013 se recolectaron grupos seriados de heces de psitácidos (3 especies), cébidos (2 especies), atélidos (2 especies), cáviidos (1 especie) y lemúridos (1 especie), los cuales se analizaron por las técnicas de directo y concentración. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia tomando a 53 individuos (entre mamíferos y aves), obteniéndose una prevalencia parasitológica de 89%, distribuida así: 57,2% para helmintos (31,8% Trichurida, 6,35% Ascaridida, 6,35% Uncinarias y 12,7% Strongyloides sp.) y 31,8% para protozoos (19,05% Entamoeba spp. y 12,70% Giardia spp.). La presencia de parásitos con potencial zoonótico en las muestras positivas, tales como Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp. y Strongyloides spp., demanda estudios en una mayor población de animales y especies, utilizando métodos moleculares

Frecuencia de enteroparásitos en primates Cebidae y Callitrichidae del Zoológico de Cali, Colombia: implicaciones zoonóticas

Introduction: Enteroparasites can cause problems in animals kept under human care in zoos and shelters. Wild animals have low parasitic loads but when sheltered in closed places they can be higher and lead to clinical manifestations, which increases the cost of medical treatments and care. On the other hand, some enteroparasites can represent a potential risk of zoonotic infection for their animal keepers, visitors, and other zoo animals. In addition, they could affect recovery programs for endangered species.Objectives: To establish the presence and prevalence of potentially zoonotic enteroparasites in primates of the Cebidae and Callitrichidae families at the Zoológico de Cali from September to November, 2017.Materials and methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study. Serial samples from 50 individuals belonging to seven species and two primate families were analyzed by ova and parasite test, flotation, and Kinyoun stain between September and November, 2017.Results: In order of frequency, the parasite genera found in the seven primate species evaluated were Blastocystis spp., Trichomonas spp., Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Strongyloides spp., Cyclospora sp., and Trichuris sp. Conclusions: At least six of the parasite genera found have potential zoonotic implications. It is necessary to establish what are the infection sources at the Zoológico de Cali and implement management protocols to reduce the risk of transmission to both humans and other animals in the collection. Additionally, we offer relevant information on the zoonotic potential of each of the enteroparasites found.Introducción. Los enteroparásitos pueden generar problemas en animales bajo cuidado humano en zoológicos y centros de acogida. Los animales silvestres presentan bajas cargas parasitarias, pero estas pueden ser mayores y llevar a manifestaciones clínicas cuando se trata de animales resguardados en recintos, lo que aumenta los gastos en tratamientos y cuidados médicos. Por otro lado, algunos enteroparásitos pueden causar infecciones zoonóticas en los cuidadores, los visitantes y otros animales del zoológico, así como afectar los programas de recuperación de especies amenazadas de extinción.Objetivos. Determinar la presencia y prevalencia de enteroparásitos con potencial de transmisión zoonótica en primates de las familias Cebidae y Callitrichidae del Zoológico de Cali, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal prospectivo, para lo cual se recolectaron muestras seriadas de 50 individuos pertenecientes a siete especies de dos familias de primates y se analizaron mediante examen coprológico, flotación y coloración Kinyoun, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017.Resultados. Según su prevalencia, los géneros de parásitos hallados en las siete especies de primates evaluadas, fueron Blastocystis spp., Trichomonas spp., Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Strongyloides spp., Cyclospora sp. y Trichuris sp.Conclusiones. Por lo menos, seis de los géneros de parásitos identificados tienen implicaciones zoonóticas, lo cual hace necesario establecer las posibles vías de infección de los primates del Zoológico de Cali e implementar protocolos de manejo que reduzcan el riesgo de transmisión a los humanos y a otros animales de la colección. Además, se presenta la información relevante sobre el potencial zoonótico de los enteroparásitos hallados

Anti-leptospiral agglutinins in marmosets (Saguinus oedipus and Saguinus leucopus) from illegal trade

Objective. Determine the infection status with pathogenic Leptospira of one Saguinus oedipus and nine Saguinus leucopus at the Cali Zoo that had been confiscated in Colombia from illegal trade. Materials and methods. A full physical examination, blood work, urinalysis were conducted in all individuals during the reception health check-up, in addition to running the microagglutination test with a pool of 19 serovars, with a starting dilution of 1:50. Results. A high positive titer (≥1:3200) to Leptospira alexanderi serovar manhao in an asymptomatic S. oedipus was detected. All S. leucopus tested negative or less than 1:50. Conclusions. Captive locations have been documented to artificially enhance opportunities to come into contact with contaminated bodily fluids from peridomestic rodents. However, infectious diseases acquired during the illegal transport of wildlife to major metropolitan centers are rarely considered a wildlife conservation or public health threat. Infection with zoonotic pathogens should also be considered an additional threat to endangered wild primates involved in illegal trade, which could hamper reintroduction efforts or other population management procedures for primate species with restricted and fragmented distributions

Osteomyelitis and periosteal reaction in a red brocket deer (Mazama americana)

Anamnesis and treatment approach: a female red brocket deer (Mazama americana, Erxleben 1777) presented a post-traumatic abscess in the left-carpometacarpal joint. The deer was treated with enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) with no response. The animal underwent two surgical procedures to remove purulent material and perform adequate antisepsis as well as several antimicrobial therapies, with satisfactory results in a period of 68 days. Clinical and laboratory findings: according to the radiological and laboratory tests the animal developed a metacarpal bone osteomyelitis with periosteal reaction due to a beta-hemolytic Streptococcus abscess. Conclusion: to our knowledge, this is the first report of medical procedures in this species. The most relevant findings and treatment schedule are discussed

Brotes de Sarcocystis spp. en aves exóticas mantenidas en cautiverio en el Zoológico de Cali: Serie de casos

In a 19-month long period there were outbreaks in which 16 exotic birds that belonged to the collection of the Cali Zoo died. Most of the affected animals were Australian parrots, of which a large percentage had sudden death. Mortalities occurred in enclosures with different characteristics, located in exhibition and internal areas of the Zoo. Necropsy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry were performed in some animals that did not present an advanced state of decomposition, where the presence of a parasitic pneumonia with intraendothelial merozoites of Sarcocystis spp. was confirmed. Some of the individuals who survived, received combined antiparasitic, antibiotic, and antifungal therapy. Risk factors and important aspects of the management to prevent Sarcocystosis in animals kept under human care are mentioned, because this disease has high mortality in Old World birds, most of the time, without previous clinical signs.En un periodo de 19 meses se presentaron brotes en los cuales fallecieron 16 aves exóticas que pertenecían a la colección del Zoológico de Cali. La mayoría de los animales afectados fueron psitácidos australianos, de los cuales un gran porcentaje presentó muerte súbita. Las mortalidades se presentaron en recintos con diferentes características, localizados en zonas de exhibición y áreas internas del zoológico. Se realizó necropsia, histopatología e inmunohistoquímica en algunos animales que no presentaron estado avanzado de descomposición, donde se confirmó la presencia de una neumonía parasitaria con merozoitos de Sarcocystis spp. intraendoteliales. Algunos de los individuos que sobrevivieron recibieron una terapia combinada con antiparasitario, antibiótico y antifúngico. Se mencionan factores de riesgo y aspectos importantes en el manejo para prevenir la Sarcocistosis en estos animales mantenidos bajo cuidado humano, debido a que esta enfermedad presenta alta mortalidad en aves del viejo mundo, y a menudo cursa sin signos clínicos previos

Neoplasia ovárica (Luteoma) en una Suricata (Suricata suricatta)

This article describes the case of a 5-year-old female meerkat born under human care at the Cali Zoo in Colombia, which presented a report of abnormal behavior. Upon clinical examination, multifocal and symmetrical bilateral scabbed alopecia was observed. An ultrasonographic evaluation was carried out determining the presence of ovarian cysts. As a therapeutic alternative, an ovariohysterectomy (OVH) was performed with an excisional biopsy of both ovaries, which were sent to the pathology laboratory. The histopathological findings concluded a neoplasm of the left ovary consistent with a Luteoma. Nonetheless, the right ovary did not present significant lesions. During the surgery, blood samples were taken which indicated that the patient presented regenerative anemia, blood  chemistry with increased BUN and total proteins associated with hyperglobulinemia indicative of a chronic inflammatory process. The patient recovered satisfactorily from the surgery and after two weeks following the procedure, the dermatological lesions receded, as well as the behavioral problems previously reported.En este artículo se describe el caso de una Suricata suricatta de 5 años, hembra, nacida bajo cuidado humano en el Zoológico de Cali, Colombia, que presentó reporte de comportamiento anormal. Al examen clínico se observó alopecia multifocal y simétrica bilateral con costras. Se realizó una evaluación ultrasonográfica que determinó la presencia de quistes ováricos. Como alternativa terapéutica se realizó una ovariohisterctomía (OVH) con biopsia escisional de ambos ovarios, que fueron remitidos al laboratorio de patología. Los hallazgos histopatológicos concluyeron una neoplasia del ovario izquierdo consistente con un Luteoma. El ovario derecho no presentó lesiones significativas. Durante la cirugía se tomaron muestras de sangre que indicaron que el paciente presentaba anemia regenerativa, química sanguínea con aumento del BUN y proteínas totales asociados a una hiperglobulinemia indicativos de un proceso inflamatorio crónico. La paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente de la cirugía y tras dos semanas posteriores al procedimiento, las lesiones dermatológicas remitieron, así como los problemas de comportamiento previamente reportados.&nbsp

Comparative seroprevalence of leptospira interrogans in colombian mammals along a climatic gradient

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease with well-established impacts on human health in tropical and subtropical regions. Although Leptospira spp. are known to readily infect many wildlife species, the understanding of interspecies and climatic variability in patterns of infection in Neotropical mammals is limited. To improve the understanding of this interplay, 85 mammals representing 17 species were sampled from four Colombian zoos along a climatic gradient. Prevalence of the 21 primary serovars against Leptospira interrogans was determined using the microagglutination test. Individuals were considered positive for a given serovar if antibodies were observable at a 1:100 dilution or greater. Overall prevalence was 9.52%, with positive titers to serovar hurstbridge in Carnivora (Canidae); serovar sarmin in Primata (Atelidae); and serovars australis, mini, autumnalis, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, and seramanga in Primata (Cebidae). Prevalence was positively correlated with humidity and temperature, with significantly higher prevalence at the site characterized by high humidity, severe flooding because of rainfall, and warm weather throughout the year. All positive animals were classified as clinically asymptomatic, meaning that antibodies from a current or past infection were detected but no overt symptoms were apparent. The diversity of serovars observed and the taxon-specific nature of these associations suggest that the epidemiology of Leptospira transmission is likely to be complex and multidimensional. The strong association observed between prevalence and climate suggests that the important role of climate as an indicator of Leptospira infection risk in humans may also be applicable to wildlife. Future studies in both wild and captive populations of Neotropical wildlife will further elucidate this disease interplay. © 2012 American Association of Zoo Veterinarians