МЕХАНІЗМИ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ІМПЛЕМЕНТАЦІЇ МОРСЬКОЇ РАМКОВОЇ ДИРЕКТИВИ: ДОСВІД ЄС

Over the past decade, there have been signs of improvement of the Black Sea. However, its unique water areas and coastline are still under serious threat. The Black Sea is unprotected from significant anthropogenic pressures, and has a low adaptive potential. If as the region's economy grows, these pressures will intensify, the problem will become more serious.The implementation of the Directive 2008/56/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of environmental policy on the marine environment (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) are important for Ukraine. The use of the marine environment, taking into account the ecosystem approach and the principle of integrated management improves the environment, biodiversity, development of industries marine complex, especially commercial fish and shellfish, recreation and tourism.Directive 2008/56/EC aims to achieve good environmental status of marine waters and to protect the marine resources that affect the economic and social activities. The main stages of the implementation of Directive 2008/56/EC include: 1) adoption of national legislation and designation the authority or authorities competent for the implementation of this Directive; 2) initial assessment of the current  environmental status of marine waters; determine good environmental status for marine waters and establishment environmental targets and associated indicators; establishment of monitoring program for the development of ongoing assessment and regular updating purposes; 3) development programme of measures to achieve good environmental status.Implementation of the MSFD requires more coordinated research, so that studies to evaluate benefits can be carried out across countries using comparable, state-of-the-art valuation methods. This could also include the combination of different valuation methods, e.g. of stated and revealed preference methods, to gain more reliable benefit estimates. Moreover, integrated modelling will be of utmost importance to link bio-geophysical and socio-economic systems and to trace the effects of changes in the marine environment to their impact on benefits.Focus is on methodological questions related to a common understanding of the funding, technical and scientific implications of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. In particular, one of the objectives of the strategy is the development of non-legally binding and practical documents, such as co-financing of MSFD measures.За последнее десятилетие наблюдались признаки улучшения состояния Черного моря. Однако его уникальные акватории и побережья все еще находятся под серьезной угрозой. Черное море незащищено от значительных антропогенных воздействий, и имеет низкий адаптационный потенциал. Если по мере роста экономики региона эти давления усилятся, проблема может усилиться.Имплементация Директивы 2008/56/ ЕС об установлении рамок деятельности Сообщества в сфере экологической политики по морской среде (Рамочная Директива о морской стратегии) имеет важное значение, поскольку использование морской среды с учетом экосистемного подхода и принципа интегрированного управления способствует улучшению состояния окружающей среды, сохранению биоразнообразия, развития отраслей морехозяйственного комплекса, прежде всего рыбного промысла, аквакультуры, рекреации и туризма.Директива 2008/56/ЕС направлена на достижение хорошего экологического статуса морских вод и защиты морских ресурсов, от которых зависит экономическая и социальная активность. Основные этапы реализации этого документа включают: 1) вступления в силу законов, подзаконных актов и административными положениями, необходимыми для выполнения Директивы 2008/56 / ЕС; определение уполномоченного органа (органов) власти, ответственного за ее внедрение; 2) начальную оценку современного состояния морских вод; определения их хорошего экологического состояния; установление экологических целей и индикаторов для морских вод; разработку программы мониторинга для осуществления текущей оценки и регулярного обновления целей; 3) подготовку комплекса мероприятий для достижения хорошего экологического статуса.Основное внимание уделяется методологическим вопросам, связанным с общим пониманием финансовых , технических и научных последствий Рамочной директивы о морской стратегии. В частности, одной из целей стратегии является разработка не имеющих обязательной юридической силы и практических документов, таких как софинансирование мер РДМС.За останнє десятиліття спостерігалися ознаки поліпшення стану Чорного моря. Проте його унікальні акваторії та узбережжя все ще знаходяться під серйозною загрозою. Чорне море незахищене від значних антропогенних тисків, і має низький адаптаційний потенціал. Якщо по мірі зростання економіки регіону ці тиски посиляться, проблема стане серйознішою.Імплементація Директиви 2008/56/ЄС про встановлення рамок діяльності Співтовариства у сфері екологічної політики щодо морського середовища (Рамкова Директива про морську стратегію), оскільки використання морського середовища з урахуванням екосистемного підходу та принципу інтегрованого управління сприяє поліпшенню стану довкілля, збереженню біорізноманіття, розвитку галузей морегосподаського комплексу, перш за все рибальства, аквакультури, рекреації й туризму.Директива 2008/56/ЄС спрямована на досягнення доброго екологічного стану морських вод і захисту морських ресурсів, від яких залежить економічна та соціальна діяльність. Основні етапи реалізації цього документа включають: 1) набуття чинності законами, підзаконними актами та адміністративними положеннями, необхідними для виконання Директиви 2008/56/ЄС; визначення уповноваженого органу (органів) влади, відповідального за її впровадження; 2) початкову оцінку сучасного стану морських вод; визначення їх доброго екологічного стану; встановлення екологічних цілей та індикаторів для морських вод; розробку програми моніторингу для здійснення поточної оцінки та регулярного оновлення цілей; 3) підготовку комплексу заходів для досягнення доброго екологічного стану.Реалізація РДМС вимагає більш скоординованих досліджень, що мають проводитися в різних країнах, використовуючи порівняльні, найсучасніші методи оцінки. Це може також включати комбінацію різних методів оцінки, наприклад від заявлених та виявлених методів оцінки стану навколишнього середовища. Більше того, інтегроване моделювання матиме надзвичайно важливе значення для поєднання біогеофізичних та соціально-економічних систем та простежити вплив змін у морському середовищі.Зосереджено увагу на методологічних питаннях, пов'язаних із загальним розумінням фінансових, технічних та наукових наслідків Рамкової директиви Морської стратегії. Зокрема, однією з цілей цієї стратегії є розробка не юридично обов'язкових та практичних документів, таких як співфінансування заходів РДМС

Optical studies of the X-ray transient XTE J2123-058 -I. Photometry

We present optical photometry of the X-ray transient XTE J2123-058, obtained in July-October 1998. The light curves are strongly modulated on the 5.95hrs orbital period, and exhibit dramatic changes in amplitude and form during the decline. We used synthetic models which include the effect of partial eclipses and X-ray heating effects, to estimate the system parameters, and we constrain the binary inclination to be i=73+-4 degrees. The model is successful in reproducing the light curves at different stages of the decay by requiring the accretion disc to become smaller and thinner by 30% as the system fades by 1.7 mags in the optical. From Aug 26 the system reaches quiescence with a mean magnitude of R=21.7+-0.1 and our data are consistent with the optical variability being dominated by the companion's ellipsoidal modulation.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

Modeling the spectrum of V4334 Sgr (Sakurai's Object)

Theoretical spectral energy distributions were computed for a grid of hydrogen-deficient and carbon-rich model atmospheres of T(eff) in the range of 5000-6250 K and log g = 1.0 - 0.0 by the technique of opacity sampling, taking into account continuous, molecular band and atomic line absorption. These energy distributions were compared with the spectrum of V4334 Sgr (Sakurai's object) of April, 1997 in the wavelength interval 300-1000 nm. We show that (1) the shape of the theoretical spectra depends strongly on T(eff) but only very weakly on the hydrogen abundance; (2) the comparison of the observed and computed spectra permits to estimate T(eff) approximately 5500 K for V4334 Sgr in April, 1997, and its interstellar reddening (plus a possible circumstellar contribution) E(B-V) approximately 0.70.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, LaTeX, accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysic

Boron in Very Metal-Poor Stars

We have observed the B I 2497 A line to derive the boron abundances of two very metal-poor stars selected to help in tracing the origin and evolution of this element in the early Galaxy: BD +23 3130 and HD 84937. The observations were conducted using the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. A very detailed abundance analysis via spectral synthesis has been carried out for these two stars, as well as for two other metal-poor objects with published spectra, using both Kurucz and OSMARCS model photospheres, and taking into account consistently the NLTE effects on the line formation. We have also re-assessed all published boron abundances of old disk and halo unevolved stars. Our analysis shows that the combination of high effective temperature (Teff > 6000 K, for which boron is mainly ionized) and low metallicity ([Fe/H]<-1) makes it difficult to obtain accurate estimates of boron abundances from the B I 2497 A line. This is the case of HD 84937 and three other published objects (including two stars with [Fe/H] ~ -3), for which only upper limits can be established. BD +23 3130, with [Fe/H] ~ -2.9 and logN(B)_NLTE=0.05+/-0.30, appears then as the most metal-poor star for which a firm measurement of the boron abundance presently exists. The evolution of the boron abundance with metallicity that emerges from the seven remaining stars with Teff < 6000 K and [Fe/H]<-1, for which beryllium abundances were derived using the same stellar parameters, shows a linear increase with a slope ~ 1. Furthermore, the B/Be ratio found is constant at a value ~ 20 for stars in the range -3<[Fe/H]<-1. These results point to spallation reactions of ambient protons and alpha particles with energetic particles enriched in CNO as the origin of boron and beryllium in halo stars.Comment: 38 pages, 11 Encapsulated Postscript figures (included), uses aaspp4.sty. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. The preprint is also available at: http://www.iac.es/publicaciones/preprints.htm

Activity at the Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit in Orion

We report very intense and variable Halpha emission (pseudo-equivalent widths of ~180, 410 A) of S Ori 55, a probable free-floating, M9-type substellar member of the young sigma Orionis open star cluster. After comparison with state-of-the-art evolutionary models, we infer that S Ori 55 is near or below the cluster deuterium-burning mass borderline, which separates brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects. We find its mass to be 0.008-0.015 Msun for ages between 1 Myr and 8 Myr, with ~0.012 Msun the most likely value at the cluster age of 3 Myr. The largest Halpha intensity reached the saturation level of log L(Halpha)/L(bol) = -3. We discuss several possible scenarios for such a strong emission. We also show that sigma Orionis M and L dwarfs have in general more Halpha emission than their older field spectral counterparts. This could be due to a decline in the strength of the magnetic field with age in brown dwarfs and isolated planetary-mass objects, or to a likely mass accretion from disks in the very young sigma Orionis substellar members.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters. Nine pages (figures included

The Low-Mass Companion to the Lithium-Depleted, Spectroscopic Binary HBC 425 (St 34)

We present high angular resolution, near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of a low-mass companion to the lithium-depleted, double-line spectroscopic binary HBC 425 (St 34) obtained using the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSPEC) and the Keck II adaptive optics system. Positioned 1.23" southeast of the primary pair, the companion, HBC 425C, is ~2.4 magnitudes fainter at 2.2 microns. Moderate-resolution (R~2500) J- and K-band spectroscopy reveal HBC 425C to have an M5.5 (+/-0.5) spectral type. Comparisons with pre-main sequence evolutionary models imply a mass of ~0.09 M(Sun) and ages of 8-10 Myr, assuming the nominal distance of Taurus-Auriga (~140 pc), or ~25 Myr if placed at ~90 pc. We also present high dispersion, optical spectra of HBC 425 and HBC 425C obtained using the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) on Keck I. We detect strong Li I 6708 absorption in the spectrum of HBC 425C. Using curves of growth for the Li I 6708 doublet, we estimate its abundance level to lie between log N(Li)=1.9 and 3.1 dex. The spectrum of HBC 425 exhibits Ca II H & K, He I 5876, 6678, and strong Balmer line emission, consistent with accretion. We place more restrictive upper limits on the surface abundance of lithium and find that HBC 425 retains less than ~0.1% of its primordial abundance. The presence of lithium in the photosphere of HBC 425C does not resolve the discrepancy between isochronal and lithium depletion ages for the primary pair. However, if lithium were depleted relative to interstellar abundance levels, even minimally, considerable support would be gained for the more advanced age of this hierarchical triple system.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacifi

A New Pleiades Member at the Lithium Substellar Boundary

We present the discovery of an object in the Pleiades open cluster, named Teide 2, with optical and infrared photometry which place it on the cluster sequence slightly below the expected substellar mass limit. We have obtained low- and high-resolution spectra that allow us to determine its spectral type (M6), radial velocity and rotational broadening; and to detect H$_\alpha$ in emission and Li I 670.8 nm in absorption. All the observed properties strongly support the membership of Teide 2 into the Pleiades. This object has an important role in defining the reappearance of lithium below the substellar limit in the Pleiades. The age of the Pleiades very low-mass members based on their luminosities and absence or presence of lithium is constrained to be in the range 100--120 Myr.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figure

Changes in the red giant and dusty environment of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi following the 2006 eruption

We present near-infrared spectroscopy of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) obtained on several occasions after its latest outburst in 2006 February. The 1–5 μm spectra are dominated by the red giant, but the H i, He i and coronal lines present during the eruption are present in all our observations. From the fits of the computed infrared spectral energy distributions to the observed fluxes, we find Teff= 4200 ± 200 K for the red giant. The first overtone CO bands at 2.3 μm, formed in the atmosphere of the red giant, are variable. The spectra clearly exhibit an infrared excess due to dust emission longward of 5 μm; we estimate an effective temperature for the emitting dust shell of 500 K, and find that the dust emission is also variable, being beyond the limit of detection in 2007. Most likely, the secondary star in RS Oph is intrinsically variable