Reproductive biology of Heros efasciatus Heckel,1840 (Pisces, Cichlidae) in the Amanã Sustainable Reserve (Amazonas, Brazil), aiming at sustainable management of the species

Com o principal objetivo de fornecer ferramentas para auxiliar na implementação do manejo sustentável de peixes ornamentais na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã, Amazonas, foi realizado o estudo da biologia reprodutiva de Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840, um ciclídeo com potencial ornamental e com poucos trabalhos sobre a sua biologia e ecologia, apesar de já ser comercializado em algumas regiões amazônicas. Coletas bimestrais foram realizadas de fevereiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2007 em dez igarapés contribuintes do Lago Amanã e Urini, sendo utilizados três aparelhos de pesca (rede de arrasto, rapiché e armadilha tipo matapi) e ainda galhadas artificiais nas amostragens realizadas próximas aos lagos. Foram capturados 140 exemplares de H. efasciatus, sendo 50 fêmeas, 42 machos, e 46 indivíduos cujo sexo não foi identificado devido ao pequeno tamanho. O tipo de crescimento encontrado foi isométrico, sendo que o maior indivíduo observado apresentava 174 mm e o menor 14 mm. Os resultados encontrados auxiliarão na adoção de medidas de manejo, como a determinação de tamanhos mínimos de captura, superiores aos tamanhos médios de maturação (97 mm para as fêmeas) e o estabelecimento de períodos de defeso durante a época de sua reprodução (outubro a janeiro). A pequena abundância de indivíduos da espécie, quando comparada com o total de exemplares capturados (apenas 0,07%) e a baixa fecundidade média, de 2502 ovócitos, indica que se deve trabalhar anualmente apenas com um pequeno número de indivíduos, a fim de garantir a continuidade do estoque.The aim if the present work is to supply basic information that may help the management of ornamental fishes in the Amanã Sustainable Reserve, State of Amazonas, Brazi. A study of the reproductive biology of Heros efasciatus, a cichlid fish with ornamental potential, was performed using specimens collected bi-monthly between February 2006 and January 2007 in ten creeks contributing to Lakes Amanã and Urini. The sample collection gear included hand net, seine and traps. In addition, artificial tree branches were used for sampling near the lakes. A total of 140 specimens of H. efasciatus were captured, which corresponded to only 0.07% of all specimens collected. Of this total, 50 were male, 42 were female, and 46 individuals could not be sexed due to their small size. The type of growth founded was isometric; with individuals’ sizes varying from 14 mm to 174 mm. Average fecundity was estimated at 2,502 oocytes. The results of this study will help in implementing several sustainable management measures, such as establishing a minimum size for capture (higher than 97 mm) and imposing a no-fishing restriction during the spawning season of this species (from October till January). To ensure stock continuity due to the low density and low fecundity of H. efasciatus, we suggest that exploitation of this species for ornamental trade be kept to a small number of individuals per year.CNP

Dinâmica espacial de lagoas marginais presentes no rio Aiuruoca, MG, em períodos de cheia e seca

Floodplains are lands periodically covered with water when rivers overflow their banks. In the tropics, a large portion of fish communities uses the floodplains as habitats for feeding, reproduction, and refuge. For this reason, these habitats are priority for fish conservation and management. The present work aims to analyze the classification resulting from object-based method of floodplains, estimating the connectivity with Aiuruoca river. The study required 2 images of Landsat TM sensor, with 30 meters of spatial resolution all obtained in 2001. Given its efficiency to detect floodplain changes and its automated character, this method seems to constitute an operational tool adequate for floodplain monitoring. Lagoas marginais são utilizadas por comunidades de peixes como habitat, alimentação, reprodução e refúgio. Por esta razão estes ambientes são considerados prioritários à conservação e manejos. O presente estudo objetivou realizar a classificação orientada a objeto no intuito de localizar as lagoas marginais presentes no entorno do rio Aiuruoca, identificando a conexão destas ao rio em períodos de cheia e seca. Utilizou-se duas imagens Landsat 5TM, com 30 metros de resolução espacial do ano 2001, representativas do período de cheia e seca, com uma área de estudo de 3.342 km2. A classificação resultou em valores de precisão global variando de 98,9% para a época de cheia e em 98,8% para a época de seca, e de 63% e 52% de precisão pelo índice de Kappa para épocas de cheia e seca, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram alterações no número, área e na conectividade de  lagoas marginais para os períodos de chuva e seca. Este método se mostrou bastante adequado na identificação de lagoas marginais e possui grande importância no monitoramento das alterações dos ciclos a que estes ambientes estão submetidos, possibilitando o estudo da dinâmica e a possibilidade de utilização no monitoramento e gestão destes ambientes

Predição do desempenho na corrida de 5.000 m por meio de testes no laboratório e no campo, para corredores de fundo

Bood lactate curves during exercise have been widely used in the prescription of training stimulus for long distance runners. Since transferring laboratory results to field situations has been shown to be inadequate, the purpose of the present study was to propose a field protocol to predict performance in a 5 000 m run. Twenty-eight middle and long distance runners (age 28±6 years; weight = 61.5±6.1 kg) were submitted to: a) TREAD - a treadmill test with no inclination, consisting of four velocities, with each stage lasting five minutes separated by one minute rest (15, 17, 18 and 19 k .lf1 or 17, 19, 20 and 21 k .lf1), with the velocities being assigned to subjects based on their most recent marathon times (below or above two hours and 30 minutes); b) TRACK four 1 600 meters runs at increasing velocities (3.5% below treadmill velocities), separated by one minute rests, chosen as in a); and c) RUN a 5 000 m run test. Artcrialized ear lobe blood samples were collected during the first 30 seconds of the recovering periods in the TRACK and TREAD conditions and analyzed for lactate concentrations by elcctroenzymatic method (YSI 1500 Sport; Yellow Springs Inc.; Ohio). Velocities and heart rates for the two testing situations were compared at the fixed lactate concentrations of 2, 4 and 8 mmol.I*1 (TREADMILL: V2mM = 17.1±1.2, V4mM = 19.1+1.4, V8mM = 20.9+1.8 km.h'1 and HR2mM = 164±7, HR4niM = 178±6, HR8111M = 193±8 bpm; TRACK: V2niM = 16.6+1.0, V4mM = 18.1+1.0, V8mM = 19.5+1.2 km.h'1 and HR2mM = 165+6, HR4mM = 178+8, HR8111M = 190+9 bpm). Significant correlations between velocities on the TREAD and TRACK conditions were observed at the three fixed lactate concentrations (p < 0.05). The same was observed for the heart rates (exception for the 8 mmol.I’1). Tcst/rctcst correlation coefficients for the TRACK condition ranged from 0.72 to 0.96 (all sig. p < 0.05) for HR and VEL at the three fixed lactate concentrations. The best 5 000 run time predictor was the velocity at 4 nunol.I*1 in the TRACK condition (r= 0.90, p < 0.001; Y (m .m in'1) = 13.4196 + 0.9997 X; SEE = 9.62 m .min'1). Based on the present results it was concluded that the running velocity at the 4 mmol I*1 fixed lactate concentration on TRACK is the best predictor of perfomancc in the 5 000 m runAs curvas de lactato sangüíneo, durante o exercício, têm sido amplamente utilizadas na prescrição do estímulo de treinamento para corredores de longa distância. Uma vez que a transferência dos resultados do laboratório para a situação de campo tem demonstrado ser inadequada, o objetivo deste estudo foi propor um protocolo de campo para predição do desempenho na corrida de 5.000 m. Vinte e oito corredores de média e longa distância (idade = 28±6 anos; peso = 61,5±6,1 kg) foram submetidos ao: a) ESTEI - teste na esteira ergométrica sem inclinação, consistindo de quatro velocidades, com cada estágio de cinco minutos separados por um minuto de repouso (15, 17, 18 e 19 km.h'1 ou 17, 19, 20 e 21 km.li'1), com as velocidades escolhidas para os sujeitos baseando-se no tempo mais recente na maratona (abaixo ou acima de duas horas e 30 minutos); b) CAMPO - quatro repetições de 1.600 metros com velocidades progressivas (3,5% abaixo da velocidade na esteira), separados por um minuto de repouso, como o empregado em a); e c) CORR - teste de corrida de 5.000 m. Amostras de sangue arterializado do lóbulo da orelha foram coletadas durante os primeiros 30 segundos dos períodos de recuperação nas condições ESTEI e CAMPO, com a concentração de lactato sendo analisada pelo método eletro enzimático (YSI 1500 Sport; Yellovv Springs Inc., Ohio). As velocidades e freqüências cardíacas nas duas situações de testes foram comparadas nas concentrações fixas de lactato de 2, 4 e 8 mmol.l'1 (ESTEIR: V2niM = 17,1±1,2, V4mM = 19,1±1,4, V8mM = 20,9±1,8 km.h'1 e FC2mM = 164±7, FC4mM = 178±6. FC8mM = 193±8 bpm; CAMPO: V2mM = 16,6±1,0, V4mM = 18,1±1,0, V8mM = 19,5+1,2 km.h*1 e FC2mM = 165±6, FC4mM = 178±8, FC8111M = 190±9 bpm). Correlações significativas foram observadas entre as condições ESTEI e o CAMPO nas três concentrações fixas de lactato (p< 0,05). Sendo que não foi observada correlação significativa para a freqüência cardíaca a 8 mmol.l' Os coeficientes de correlação para teste/reteste na condição CAMPO, foram na faixa de 0,72 a 0,96 (todos sig. p< 0,05) para as FC e para as V, nas três concentrações fixas. O melhor preditor da velocidade de corrida nos 5.000 m foi a velocidade nos 4 m m ol.r1 na condição CAMPO (r= 0,90, p< 0,001; Y (m .m in1) = 13,4196 + 0,9997X, SEE = 9,62 m.min*1). Baseado nos presentes resultados foi concluído que referências originadas no protocolo de campo são mais relacionadas ao desempenho na corrida de 5.000 m, do que as originadas no laboratóri

Rainforest metropolis casts 1,000-km defaunation shadow

Tropical rainforest regions are urbanizing rapidly, yet the role of emerging metropolises in driving wildlife overharvesting in forests and inland waters is unknown. We present evidence of a large defaunation shadow around a rainforest metropolis. Using interviews with 392 rural fishers, we show that fishing has severely depleted a large-bodied keystone fish species, tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), with an impact extending over 1,000 km from the rainforest city of Manaus (population 2.1 million). There was strong evidence of defaunation within this area, including a 50% reduction in body size and catch rate (catch per unit effort). Our findings link these declines to city-based boats that provide rural fishers with reliable access to fish buyers and ice and likely impact rural fisher livelihoods and flooded forest biodiversity. This empirical evidence that urban markets can defaunate deep into rainforest wilderness has implications for other urbanizing socioecological systems

Physical and pulmonary capacities of individuals with severe coronavirus disease after hospital discharge: A preliminary cross-sectional study based on cluster analysis

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the physical and pulmonary capacities of hospitalized patients with severe coronavirus disease and its correlation with the time of hospitalization and complications involved. METHODS: A total of 54 patients, aged ≥18 years of both sexes, were evaluated 2-4 months after hospital discharge in São Paulo, Brazil. The physical characteristics analyzed were muscle strength, balance, flexibility, and pulmonary function. The K-means cluster algorithm was used to identify patients with similar physical and pulmonary capacities, related to the time of hospitalization. RESULTS: Two clusters were derived using the K-means algorithm. Patients allocated in cluster 1 had fewer days of hospitalization, intensive care, and intubation than those in cluster 2, which reflected a better physical performance, strength, balance, and pulmonary condition, even 2-4 months after discharge. Days of hospitalization were inversely related to muscle strength, physical performance, and lung function: hand grip D (r=−0.28, p=0.04), Short Physical Performance Battery score (r=−0.28, p=0.03), and forced vital capacity (r=−0.29, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Patients with a longer hospitalization time and complications progressed with greater loss of physical and pulmonary capacities

Ecological flow methodology based on environmental and management restrictions

[EN] Many rules of dam operation aims at regulating the river flow on a seasonal and daily scale in order to supply energy in the demands peaks as well as in the dry season. This regulation changes the water characteristics and the aquatic ecosystems, producing alterations in matter and energy cycle, habitat availability, and in the integrity of the ecosystems. This study proposed an environmental flow regime in order to improve the ecological status of the Rio Grande downstream of the Itutinga Hydropower Plant (Minas Gerais, Brasil). The development of the environmental flow regime was based on different techniques; i) time series analysis of mean daily discharge; ii) biological response of fish and macroinvertebrates to several experiments of flow releases downstream of the hydropower plant; iii) analysis of the actual flow regime with Indicators of Hydrological Alteration (IHA). The annual hydrograph of monthly flows, with an interval of variability, for the environmental flow regime was built with an autoregressive model, whose restrictions were obtained by analyses of the main five flow components (magnitude, frequency, duration, seasonality and rate of change) of the period pre-dam (1934- 1954) and post-dam construction (1990-2011). Besides the IHA, the magnitude of monthly flows was proposed considering the biological responses of fish and macroinvertebrates; additionally, the hydropower company reported some operational limits to be considered. The process presented here showed a new approach for environmental flows in Latin America, based on multidisciplinary analyses which integrate hydrological, biological and real data of dam operation.[ES] La operación de numerosas presas se realiza con el propósito de regular el caudal de los ríos a escala temporal diaria y estacional, para poder aportar energía tanto en picos de consumo como en épocas de bajo caudal o de sequías. Dicha regulación cambia las características del agua y de los ecosistemas acuáticos, alterando la dinámica de materia y energía, la disponibilidad de hábitat físico, y en conjunto la integridad de los ecosistemas. Este estudio propuso un régimen ecológico de caudales para mejorar el estado ecológico del Río Grande bajo la central hidroeléctrica de Itutinga (Minas Gerais, Brasil). En el diseño del régimen ecológico de caudales se combinaron las siguientes herramientas: i) Series temporales de caudales medios diarios; ii) análisis de la respuesta biológica de las comunidades de peces y macroinvertebrados acuáticos ante un experimento de manipulación de los picos de caudales, aguas abajo de la misma central; iii) análisis del régimen actual de caudales mediante Indicadores de Alteración Hidrológica (IHA). La representación del régimen ecológico anual, con un rango de variabilidad, fue construido a partir de un modelo autorregresivo cuyas restricciones fueron obtenidas mediante análisis de cinco componentes fundamentales del régimen hidrológico (magnitud, frecuencia, duración, temporalidad y tasas de cambio) del período anterior (1934-1954) y posterior a la construcción de la presa (1990-2011). Además de los IHA, para la magnitud del caudal se consideró la respuesta biológica de las comunidades de peces y macroinvertebrados acuáticos, así como algunos límites de operación de la central indicados por la empresa hidroeléctrica. El método desarrollado aporta una perspectiva novedosa para los caudales ecológicos en América Latina, debido a su enfoque multidisciplinar, ya que integra información hidrológica, biológica, y datos sobre la operación de presas.Soares, L.; Santos, H.; Martinez-Capel, F.; Callisto, M.; Tupinambás, T.; Castro, D.; França, J.... (2015). Metodología para la propuesta de caudales ecológicos en función de restricciones ambientales. Aqua-Lac. 7(2):17-28. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/70377S17287

Chapter 29: Restoration Priorities and Benefits within Landscapes and Catchments and Across the Amazon Basin

Restoration can be applied in many different Amazonian contexts but will be most effective at leveraging environmental and social benefits when it is prioritized across the Amazon Basin and within landscapes and catchments. Here we outline the considerations that are most relevant for planning and scaling restoration

Chapter 28: Restoration Options for the Amazon

This chapter examines site-specific opportunities and approaches for restoring terrestrial and aquatic systems, focusing on local actions and their immediate benefits. Landscape, catchment, and biome-wide considerations are addressed in Chapter 29. Conservation approaches are addressed in Chapter 2