ESTUDO DE CUSTOS COMPARANDO DOIS MÉTODOS DE ADMINISTRAR O AEROSSOL BRONCODILATADOR NO TRATAMENTO DA ASMA AGUDA NA SALA DE EMERGÊNCIA: NEBULIZAÇÃO INTERMITENTE COM FLUXO DE AR COMPRIMIDO VERSUS SPRAY ACOPLADO A ESPAÇADOR VALVULADO

Objetive: Bronchodilator delivery by means of metered-dose inhaler or intermittent nebulization is equivalent in the acute treatment of asthma. Some studies suggest that metereddose inhaler is less costly. The choice of the delivery method will depend on the consideration of costs. The aim of the present study is to compare the costs of aerosol bronchodilator delivery by use of an intermittent nebulizater versus metered-dose inhaler with valved spacer in patients with acute asthma in the adult emergency department.Methods: We compared the costs of different beta-adrenergic agents with and without ipratropium bromide delivered by intermittent nebulizer versus metered-dose inhaler with valved spacer in the adult emergency department of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Comparisons were made for 1, 6 and 12-hour treatment. The costs of all material used were taken into consideration.Results: The metered-dose inhaler with spacer was a less costly method of bronchodilator delivery in comparison to intermittent nebulization for the different beta-agonist agents, with and without ipratropium bromide.Conclusions: Bronchodilator delivery by means of a metered-dose inhaler with valved spacer was cost-saving in comparison to delivery by means of an intermittent nebulization in the treatment of acute asthma in the emergency department. The metered-dose inhaler/spacer treatment is progressively less expensive as the length of stay in the emergency department increases.Objetivo: A administração de broncodilatadores através de dispositivo com aerossol dosimetrado (spray) ou através de nebulizador é equivalente em eficácia no tratamento da asma aguda. Alguns estudos sugerem que o spray tem um custo menor. A escolha do método de administração do aerossol depende de considerações sobre o custo. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os custos entre nebulização intermitente com fluxo de ar comprimido versus spray acoplado a espaçador valvulado na administração do aerossol broncodilatador no tratamento da asma aguda no setor de adultos da sala de emergência.Méotdo:s Comparamos os custos de diferentes agentes beta-adrenérgicos, com e sem brometo de ipratrópio, administrados por nebulização intermitente versus spray acoplado a espaçador valvulado no setor de adultos da emergência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. As comparações foram feitas para 1, 6 e 12 horas de tratamento. Foram considerados os custos de todos os materiais utilizados.Resutlados: O spray com espaçador consistiu em um método mais barato de administrar o broncodilatador em comparação com a nebulização intermitente para diferentes agentes beta-agonistas, com e sem ipratrópio.Conculsões: A administração do broncodilatador por spray com espaçador valvulado foi mais econômica em comparação à administração por nebulização intermitente no tratamento da asma aguda na sala de emergência. O tratamento com spray/espaçador é progressivamente mais barato à medida que o tempo de permanência no setor de emergência aumenta

Community-acquired pneumonia by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1–6 in Brazil

SummaryA prospective cohort study of adult patients hospitalized due to community-acquired pneumonia was carried out for 1 year in a Brazilian university general hospital to detect the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1–6. During a whole year, a total of 645 consecutive patients who were hospitalized due to a initial presumptive diagnosis of respiratory disease by ICD-10 (J00–J99), excluding upper respiratory diseases, were screened to detect the patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Fifty-nine consecutive patients hospitalized due to community-acquired pneumonia between July 19, 2000 and July 18, 2001, were included in the study. They had determinations of serum antibodies to L. pneumophila serogroups 1–6 by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test at the Infectious Diseases Laboratory of University of Louisville (KY, USA) and urinary antigen tests for L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Three patients had community-acquired pneumonia by L. pneumophila serogroups 1–6, two patients being diagnosed by seroconversion and positive urinary antigen tests; the other had negative serologies but strongly positive urinary antigen test. The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia by L. pneumophila serogroups 1–6 in our hospital was 5.1%

Mortality among patients with tuberculosis requiring intensive care: a retrospective cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To describe the characteristics of patients with tuberculosis (TB) requiring intensive care and to identify the factors that predicts in-hospital mortality in a city of a developing country with intermediate-to-high TB endemicity.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a retrospective, cohort study, between November 2005 and November 2007. The patients with TB requiring intensive care were included. Predictors of mortality were assessed. The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During the study period, 67 patients with TB required intensive care. Of them, 62 (92.5%) had acute respiratory failure and required mechanical ventilation. Forty-four (65.7%) patients died. Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus was present in 46 (68.7%) patients. Early intensive care unit admission and ventilator-associated pneumonia were independently associated with the in-hospital mortality.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this study we found a high mortality rate in TB patients requiring intensive care, especially in those with an early ICU admission.</p

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states