Un análisis del sinhogarismo y los centros de acogida en España: efectos de las crisis económicas recientes

Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado tiene dos partes bien diferenciadas. Por un lado, y desde una perspectiva teórica, se estudia el concepto de sinhogarismo, analizando los antecedentes que han ocasionado el nacimiento del colectivo hasta la actualidad, los tipos de personas sin hogar que podemos encontrar según el grado de exclusión y las soluciones que se han implementado para intentar erradicar esta problemática social. La segunda parte de la investigación está enfocada en un análisis empírico sobre la evolución de la situación del colectivo, haciendo hincapié en las características de los diferentes centros que ayudan e intentan mejorar las nefastas condiciones que sufren las personas sin hogar. Además, se analiza el perfil del trabajador que presta sus servicios en este tipo de centros y la opinión del propio colectivo sobre las ayudas recibidas. Para ello, se utilizan datos del INE durante el periodo 2014-2020, de manera que se obtienen conclusiones sobre la consecuencias de las dos crisis económicas más recientes en las condiciones de vida de este colectivo.This Final Degree Project has two well-differentiated parts. On the one hand, the concept of homelessness is studied from a theoretical perspective, analyzing the background that has led to the birth of the group to date, the types of homeless people that we can find according to the degree of exclusion, and the solutions that have been implemented to try to eradicate this social problem. The second part of the research is focused on an empirical analysis of the evolution of the situation of the group, emphasizing the characteristics of the different centers that help and try to improve the disastrous conditions suffered by homeless people. In addition, the profile of the worker of this type of center and the opinion of the homeless collective about the aid received are analyzed. To do this, data from the National Statistics Institute (INE) and the main institutions for the period 2014-2020 are used. The main conclusions on the consequences of the two most recent economic crises on the living conditions of this group are presente

Estudio de la metáfora y los juegos de palabras, y su traducción, en Vida del ahorcado de Pablo Palacio

El lenguaje metafórico es la esencia poética de la prosa, describe lo indescriptible y crea lo inconcebible. La disertación plantea el análisis de las metáforas y los juegos de palabras encontrados en tres capítulos de la última novela del autor lojano, Pablo Palacio, titulada Vida del ahorcado . La finalidad de este análisis comprender las metáforas los juegos de palabras, a partir de la comprensión de la obra, para así proponer una traducción al inglés desde el punto de vista literario; desde la comprensión semántica de la obra y el estudio minucioso del estilo que el autor desempeña. Antes de iniciar esta tarea, resulta imperativo plantear delimitaciones conceptuales respecto a ¿ qué es traducción?, ¿ qué es la traducción literaria?, ¿ cuáles son las técnicas de traducción para la metáfora y los juegos de palabras en textos literarios?; delimitar además ¿ qué son las metáforas y cómo es posible traducirlas? Para responder a estas interrogantes utilizaré, principalmente, los conceptos planteados en La metáfora viva de Paul Ricoeur (1980), texto que amplifica, a la vez que detalla las condiciones semánticas de la metáfora, lo cual implica también una lectura de I.A. Richards, Emile Benveniste y Monroe Beardsley, entre otros. En tanto a la traducción en sí, utilizaré a cuatro autores, Roman Jakobson (1959), George Steiner (1975), Octavio Paz ( 1980) y Esteban Torre (1994). Los diccionarios empleados, tanto para el análisis como para la traducción, son las versiones en línea del Cambridge Dictionary , y la vigésimo tercera edición del Diccionario de la Lengua Española; y el buscador Linguee . Por último, el Diccionario Akal de Estética será utilizado para términos referentes al estilo

Spanish for academic purposes: a didactic proposal for the development of reading and writing skills in Wayuu university students who have Spanish as a second language

RESUMEN: Este trabajo versa sobre la enseñanza de español como segunda lengua en el ámbito académico y como esta se plantea en una universidad colombiana con gran presencia de estudiantes indígenas pertenecientes a la etnia wayuu. Esta población se halla en desventaja respecto a su desempeño académico, entre otras razones, por no contar con las competencias y habilidades en español propias del contexto universitario. A fin de entender mejor esta problemática, se ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo del estado del arte, y se ha llevado a cabo una investigación mixta haciendo uso de la observación participante, los cuestionarios y una prueba diagnóstica. Los datos obtenidos revelar que se necesita indagar más en torno al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de español como L2 en el nivel terciario en el país. Así mismo, se comprueba que la falta de manejo de los géneros discursivos y tipos de texto académicos, así como de un buen nivel de compresión lectora y expresión escrita obstaculiza el desempeño académico de estudiantes que reciben formación en una L2. A modo de propuesta para palear esta problemática, se ha diseñado una serie de secuencias didácticas cuyo objetivo es desarrollar las destrezas escritas y se recomiendan nuevas líneas de investigación que requieren atención urgente.ABSTRACT: This paper is about the teaching of Spanish as a second language within the academic context and how it is addressed in a Colombian university with a notorious presence of wayuu students. This population is at a disadvantage regarding their academic performance, among other reasons, because they do not have the Spanish skills needed for the university context. To get a better understanding about this issue, an exhaustive study about the state of the art has been done along with a mixed methods research implementing participant observation, questionnaires, and a diagnostic test. The obtained results revealed that further investigations concerning the teaching-learning process of Spanish as a second language in tertiary education in Colombia need to be carried out. Moreover, it was confirmed that the lack of understanding about discursive genres and types of text as well as a lack of reading comprehension skills and writing production skills, obstruct the academic performance of students who are taught through a L2. As a proposal to tackle this problem, a series of didactic sequences have been designed with the objective of developing reading and writing skills and new lines of research that require urgent attention are recommended.Máster en Enseñanza del Español como Lengua Extranjer

Instagram, cuerpos transformados

El trabajo pone sobre el tapete un problema contemporáneo: Los trastornos alimentarios en mujeres adolescentes ocasionado por los estereotipos femeninos fomentados en los medios de comunicación. Preguntarse por la relación entre Instagram como medio de comunicación y la presencia de desórdenes alimentarios en adolescentes, es de gran importancia para la sociedad actual debido a que los medios de comunicación, desde siglos atrás, han tenido relación con la creación de representaciones sociales, involucrando al cuerpo femenino y estableciendo estereotipos de belleza que lleva a la mujer a hacer prácticas para llegar a esos ideales. Estudios actuales han concluido que los adolescentes son más vulnerables a ser persuadidos por dichos estereotipos, ya que son quienes más hacen uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación, especialmente de las redes sociales, en donde pueden tener mayor interacción y participación. Se considera que la red social Instagram cumple un papel importante en la vida social de los jóvenes; la mayor parte del tiempo están intercambiando y publicando fotos e información, sin importar tiempo y/o espacio, cada vez están más interconectadosThe present paper raises a contemporary problem: Eating disorders in adolescent women caused by female stereotypes encouraged in the media. Asking about the relationship between Instagram as a communication médium and the presence of eating disorders in adolescents, is important in the society because the media, from centuries before, have had relation with the creation of social representations, involving the female body and establishing stereotypes of beauty that leads women to make practices to reach those ideáis. Current studies have concluded that adolescents are more vulnerable to being persuaded by such stereotypes, as they are the ones who make the most use of information and communication technologies, especially social networks. The Instagram social network is considered to play an important role in the social life of young people; Most of the time they are exchanging and publishing photos and information.Comunicador (a) SocialPregrad

Centro de reparación del ser para la recuperación del barrio Santa Fe

Se hace una crítica frente a la tipología tradicional Carcelaria de Bogotá y se plantea una solución arquitectónica que ayude a resocializar a la persona condenada por medio de un centro penitenciario que interactúe, active y renueve el barrio Santa Fe, promoviendo así el cambio de percepción del ciudadano común hacia el interno.A criticism is made against the traditional prison typology of Bogota and an architectural solution is proposed in order to help to resocialize the convicted person through a prison that interacts, activates and renovates the Santa Fe neighborhood, thus promoting the change of perception of the common citizen towards the inmate.Arquitecto (a)Pregrad

Effects of Feeding of Two Potentially Probiotic Preparations from Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Performance and Faecal Microflora of Broiler Chickens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of two probiotic preparations, containing live lactic acid bacteria (Lactococcus lactis CECT 539 and Lactobacillus casei CECT 4043) and their products of fermentation (organic acids and bacteriocins), as a replacement for antibiotics in stimulating health and growth of broiler chickens. The effects of the supplementation of both preparations (with proven probiotic effect in weaned piglets) and an antibiotic (avilamycin) on body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed consumption efficiency (FCE), relative intestinal weight, and intestinal microbiota counts were studied in 1-day posthatch chickens. The experiments were conducted with medium-growth Sasso X44 chickens housed in cages and with nutritional stressed Ross 308 broiler distributed in pens. Consumption of the different diets did not affect significantly the final coliform counts in Sasso X44 chickens. However, counts of lactic acid bacteria and mesophilic microorganisms were higher in the animals receiving the two probiotic preparations (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, although no differences in BWG were observed between treatments, Ross 308 broilers receiving the probiotic Lactobacillus preparation exhibited the lowest FCE values and were considered the most efficient at converting feed into live weight

Preoptic area activation and vasotocin involvement in the reproductive behavior of a weakly pulse-type electric fish, Brachyhypopomus gauderio

Social behavior exhibits a wide diversity among vertebrates though it is controlled by a conserved neural network, the social behavior network (SBN). The activity of the SBN is shaped by hypothalamic nonapeptides of the vasopressin-oxytocin family. The weakly electric fish Brachyhypopomus gauderio emits social electrical signals during courtship. Three types of vasotocin (AVT) cells occur in the preoptic area (POA), one of the SBN nodes. In this study, we aimed to test if POA neurons of the nucleus preopticus ventricularis anterior (PPa) and posterior (PPp), and in particular AVT+ cells, were activated by social stimuli using a 2-day behavioral protocol. During the first night, male-female dyads were recorded to identify courting males. During the second night, these males were divided in two experimental conditions: isolated and social (male with a female). Both AVT cells and the cellular activation of the POA neurons (measured by FOS) were identified. We found that the PPa of social males showed more FOS+ cells than the PPa of isolated males, and that the PPa had more AVT+ cells in social males than in isolated males. The double-immunolabeling for AVT and FOS indicated the activation of AVT+ neurons. No significant differences in the activation of AVT+ cells were found between conditions, but a clear association was observed between the number of AVT+ cells and certain behavioral traits. In addition, a different activation of AVT+ cell-types was observed for social vs. isolated males. We conclude that the POA of B. gauderio exhibits changes induced by social stimuli in reproductive context, involving an increase in AVT production and a different profile activation among AVT+ cell populations

Evaluation of a chitosan-based edible film as carrier of natamycin to improve the storability of saloio cheese

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of chitosan coating containing natamycin on the physicochemical and microbial properties of semi-hard cheese. Three cheese groups were prepared: samples without coating, samples coated with chitosan and with chitosan containing 0.50 mg mL−1 of natamycin, whose minimum inhibitory concentration was previously determinated on cheese surface. Microbiological analyses showed that natamycin coated samples presented a decrease on moulds/yeasts of 1.1 log (CFU g−1) compared to control after 27 days of storage. Addition of natamycin also affected O2 and CO2 permeability, increasing from 7.12 to 7.68 × 10−15 g·(Pa s m)−1, and from 10.69 to 64.58 × 10−14 g·(Pa s m)−1, respectively. The diffusion coefficient values of natamycin from the film to phosphate buffered saline solution and to the cheese were 3.60 × 10−10 and 1.29 × 10−12 cm2 s−1, respectively. This study demonstrated that chitosan-based coating/films can be used as release system containing natamycin to create an additional hurdle for moulds/yeasts in cheese thus contributing to extend its shelf-life.Plan Galego de Investigación, Desenvolvemento e Innovación Tecnolóxica-Incite (Xunta de GaliciaFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

The obligations of signatory states of an international treaty: from good faith to international obligation

The nature of the obligations imposed on a State which signs an international treaty is one of the most discussed topics in international debates. This is due to the fact that many States have adopted the practice of signing International agreements in order to satisfy political demands, but without the intention of ratífyíng them, when they would assume responsibility for complying with treaty content. The aim of this article is to analyse the degree and importance of such obligations concerning both treaties and executive agreements. To this end, an content analysis, whose point of departure was the text of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties was utilized. The interpretation and analysis of the text were carried out following grammatical, historical, teleological and practical criteria and were based principally on debates organised by the International Law Commission prior to the adoption of the Vienna Convention, as well as the academic literature. Finally, it is concluded that the signing of a treaty has been of growing importance regarding the International obligations of a State, ranging from an obligation of good faith in the case of treaties to full responsibility for complying with the content of an executive agreement, which dominates the International and Brazilian arena.A natureza das obrigações impostas ao Estado que assina um tratado internacional figura na ordem do dia dos debates internacionais. Isso porque muitos Estados têm adotado a prática de assinar tratados internacionais em função de compromissos políticos sem, entretanto, pretender ratificá-los, caso que assumiriam a obrigação de respeitar seu conteúdo. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a gradação e a importância de tais obrigações no que tange aos tratados em forma solene e aos tratados em forma simplificada. Para isso, recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo cujo ponto de partida foi o texto da Convenção de Viena sobre o Direito dos Tratados de interpretação e a análise do texto da Convenção foram realizadas segundo os critérios gramatical, histórico, teleológico e prático e foram baseadas principalmente nos debates prévios à sua adoção realizados pela Comissão de Direito Internacional da ONU e em textos doutrinários. Ao final, concluiu-se que, como pretenderam os redatores da referida Convenção, a assinatura tem tido crescente importância no que tange às obrigações de um Estado na esfera internacional, podendo gerar, no caso dos acordos em forma solene, uma obrigação de boa-fé que não poderá ser negligenciada, e até mesmo a efetiva responsabilização do Estado no caso dos acordos em forma simplificada, que atualmente dominam o cenário internacional e brasileiro