Introduction

La représentation politique ne s’épuise pas dans les actions des représentants politiques, dans leurs prises de décision ni dans la traduction des droits des représentés dans l’espace délibératif du gouvernement représentatif. Il suffit d’observer les bâtiments publics, les monuments commémoratifs, les symboles et rituels institutionnels – ou encore la communication politique des gouvernants – pour prendre la mesure des aspects proprement symboliques de la représentation politique. [Premier paragraphe]Titre du Cahier : Paula Diehl et Alexandre Escudier (dir.), La « Représentation » du politique : histoire, concepts, symbole

La « Représentation » du politique:Histoire, concepts, symboles

La question de la « représentation » politique ne se résume pas à l'espace délibératif du gouvernement représentatif. Il suffit d'observer les bâtiments publics, les monuments commémoratifs, les symboles et rituels institutionnels -- ou encore la communication politique des gouvernants -- pour prendre la mesure des aspects proprement « symboliques » de la représentation politique. Le présent numéro des /Cahiers du Cevipof/ propose d'explorer plus avant lesdits aspects (trop souvent négligés par la science politique) et tente ainsi d'ouvrir quelques pistes afin de re-problématiser le concept usuel de « représentation politique ». Se trouvent ainsi croisées et mises en discussion (Allemagne, France, recherches anglo-saxonnes) diverses théories et approches conceptuelles du problème de la « représentation politique », depuis le tournant du « gouvernement représentatif » à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Nous reconsidérons pour ce faire différents aspects de la représentation proprement symbolique du politique (esthétisation, mise en scène, ritualisation, visualisation, etc.) et proposons de les articuler à une théorie de la démocratie

Psychostimulants and brain edema

Psychostimulants consumption is a serious social and health problem worldwide. The increase in drug abuse has a huge socio-economic impact in society, and more precisely carries great costs in health treatments. In fact, it is well known that cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH) have several neurotoxic effects, such as neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Additionally, the increase of brain water content, a pathological condition also known as brain edema, has been associated with drugs use. Disturbances in the well-regulated water homeostasis may occur under several pathological conditions leading to severe alterations in brain function. Although several studies demonstrated a link between the abuse of psychostimulants and brain edema, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms that explain such brain alterations. The water transport across cell membrane is regulated by bi-directional water channels called aquaporins (AQPs). Noteworthy, the AQP4 channel has an important role in water transport across BBB, being one of the most important at the Central Nervous System (CNS). In fact, alterations in AQP4 can originate cerebral edema due to abnormal increase in water content and consequent brain swelling. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators also seem to have a role in brain edema formation since the modulation of their action has a beneficial impact in brain edema outcome. With the present review, we aim to summarize relevant information regarding the impact of psychostimulants on brain edema. Nevertheless, it is also evident that many questions remain unanswered. Thus, in order to improve the clinical outcome of human abusers, it is of crucial importance to understand what the role of AQP4 is.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION OF SNO2 NANOSTRUCTURED THICK FILMS FOR CO SENSING

Tin oxide (SnO2) is a semiconductor with a n-type large band gap (3.6 eV), high chemical stability and good optical and electrical properties. These attributes justify the current widely use of SnO2 in various devices like transparent conducting electrodes, dye-sensitized solar cells, catalytic support materials, high-capacity lithium-storage, electrochemical or photo electrochemical based energy conversions, and gas sensors [1]. Presently nanostructured materials are considered as a key solution for the development of any room-temperature sensing platform [2]. Literature reports the usage of SnO2 nanoparticles in gas sensors due to their comparatively high surface area and easy adsorption of oxygen on its surface, low operating temperature, small dimensions, low cost and high reliability [3]. As a consequence SnO2 nanostructured based gas sensors have high aptitude in detecting gases as methane (CH4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) [3]. The performance of gas sensors is also dependent on the sensing material microstructure, as grain size, film thickness and porosity. For example selectivity can be regulated by porosity and film thickness. Among the different film processing techniques Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) presents unique advantages that include deposition of conformal coatings on complex shape substrates, high flexibility, low cost and simplicity that are worth to exploit when fabricating gas sensing thick films. EPD consists in applying a AC or DC current to charged particles and promote their movement in a liquid suspension until they deposit on a substrate. A key feature in EPD is the stability of the suspension that depends directly on the suspension media and additives but also on the morphology of the particles. Within this context in this work we exploit the role of the morphology of SnO2 nanostructures (nanoparticles and nanorods) in EPD of SnO2 thick films for CO sensors. Powders were synthesised by hydrothermal method under different conditions. Suspension stability is addressed by zeta potential, UV transmittance and particle size distribution measurements in different media/additive, as ethanol, triethanolamine (TEA) and iodine. Relations between particle morphology - suspension behaviour – film morphology – sensing performance are established and discussed (Figure1). Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

ModelMaker, a Multidisciplinary Web Application to Build Question Generator Models From Basic to Higher Education

PmatE (Mathematics and Education Project) is a Research and Development project started in 1989 at the University of Aveiro, Portugal. For 27 years, PmatE has maintained the mission of applying technologies and developing content and events to foster school success and scientific culture. PmatE provides a large repository of learning objects, with particular emphasis in Question Generator Models (QGM) or simply Models. A QGM is an object for generating questions targeting specific scientific and pedagogical-didactic objectives. Each QGM generates thousands of different questions, thus enabling the exposure of students to the same core problems, but with different instantiations, preventing cheating in exams. The QGM’s are the basis of Portugal National Science Competitions (NSC), a three-day yearly event with about ten thousand participants, and are widely used by schools nationwide, at various levels of education (from basic to higher education), for test and diagnostic exams in several areas (e.g., Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Portuguese, Financial Education, Geosciences and Chemistry). Until September 2015, each QGM created was written in a LaTeX template, as an intermediate specification of the Model, and later implemented by dedicated programmers from PmatE, thus making the Model development and later corrections a tedious, lengthy and time-consuming task. This work presents PmatE ModelMaker solution, which enables professors with neither a coding background nor latex knowledge, from basic school to higher education from all areas mentioned above, to create and share QGMs through a Web application. ModelMaker, keeps the core concepts of QGM such as “boxes” and “variables”, in order to guarantee the random screens concretization, and incorporates new functionalities and advantages (e.g., autonomy, model versioning, storage of instantiated models, and a management optimization of PmatE Subject Classification). Application ModelMaker, developed in ASP.NET, with SQL databases and Javascript frameworks, has proven to be a successful tool for saving time and giving total autonomy to QGM authors in the creation of the last 134 models in several areas of knowledge, as evidenced by the usage statistics extracted during the last eight months since the application has been available. This improvement in the QGMs development methodology is an important mark in the history of PmatE

Amphibia, Anura, São Desidério, western Bahia uplands, northeastern Brazil

The contact zone between Cerrado and Caatinga is among the least known areas in the Cerrado biome, and no information is available about the anuran species occurring in this area and their ecology. Along this area, seasonally dry tropical forests are common on the lowlands with some enclaves inside the Cerrado core area. Here, we present for the first time a list of species on this zone recognized as a priority area for conservation inside the Cerrado. We sampled anuran species within 30 km of São Desidério, a city in western Bahia, from habitats including temporary and permanent ponds in Cerrado and seasonally dry tropical forests, as well as veredas and marshes. We recorded 32 anuran species, belonging to 12 genera in five families. Hylidae was the richest family (ten species) followed by Leiuperidae and Leptodactylidae (eight species each), Bufonidae (five species), and Microhylidae (two species). The heterogeneity of this site could be demonstrated by the presence of species with different dispersal/colonization history with eight species (25 %) endemic to Cerrado, three (9 %) shared with Caatinga biome, two (6 %) shared with Atlantic Forest, and eighteen (56 %) widespread through adjacent biomes

Saúde mental

Frente a um saber consolidado e durante séculos socialmente aceito, vem se contrapor um outro saber que desafia a norma instituída por propor exatamente a desconstrução de todo um imaginário social construído em torno do adoecimento psíquico. Este movimento de desconstrução e construção e uma nova abordagem da saúde mental são os principais focos desta nossa conversa. Inicialmente, retomamos a idéia de modelo de atenção afirmando que os modelos propostos pela Reforma Psiquiátrica e pela Reforma Sanitária Brasileira redirecionam o modelo de atenção a saúde do hospital para a comunidade, desconstruindo saberes, propondo novas formas de atenção, reconhecendo a comunidade como o locus preferencial de intervenção.Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social - BNDE

Percepciones sobre necesidades de salud en la atención básica, según usuarios de un servicio de salud

Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, com o objetivo de conhecer o conceito de necessidades de saúde, segundo a percepção de usuários de um serviço de saúde do interior paulista. Realizou-se 15 entrevistas, por meio de roteiro semi-estruturado, em janeiro de 2009. A leitura exaustiva das entrevistas permitiu a apreensão de elementos constitutivos das categorias, definidas a priori, segundo a Taxonomia das Necessidades de Saúde. Identificou-se que os usuários perceberam-se como detentores de necessidades; o contexto social pode apresentar forte influência na sua saúde, verificando-se que a autonomia na tomada de decisões é uma necessidade. Quanto ao vínculo, percebe-se que está intimamente ligado às necessidades de autonomia/autocuidado, pois de certo modo é reforçando a relação de confiança que será possível fortalecer os potenciais para o enfrentamento do processo saúde-doença. Conclui-se que existe a necessidade de instrumentos que auxiliem o profissional da área da Saúde Coletiva a identificar as necessidades de saúde dos usuários.This qualitative, exploratory study was performed with the purpose of identifying the concept of health needs according to the perception of health service users located in the State of São Paulo. Fifteen interviews were performed using a semi-structured script, in January 2009. The exhaustive reading of the interviews allow for identifying the elements that comprise the categories, which had been previously defined according to the Taxonomy of Health Needs. It was observed that users view themselves as holders of needs: the social context may strongly affect their health, and therefore the users have the need for autonomy in making decisions. As for attachment, it is observed that it is closely related to the autonomy/self care needs, as, in a certain way, it is necessary to strengthen the trust relationship so that the potentials to face the health-disease process may also be strengthened. In conclusion, there is a need for instruments that help collective health professionals to identify the health need of users.Se trata de una investigación cualitativa de carácter exploratorio, con el objetivo de conocer el concepto de necesidades de salud, según la percepción de usuarios de un servicio de salud del interior paulista. Fueron realizadas 15 entrevistas, a través de guión semiestructurado, en el mes de enero de 2009. La lectura exhaustiva de las entrevistas permitió el aprendizaje de elementos constitutivos de las categorías, que fueron definidas a priori según la Taxonomía de las Necesidades de Salud. Se identificó que los usuarios se percibieron como detentores de necesidades, el contexto social puede presentar fuerte influencia en su salud, verificándose que la autonomía en la toma de decisiones es una necesidad. En cuanto al vínculo, se percibe que está íntimamente ligado a las necesidades de autonomía/autocuidado, pues de cierto modo, reforzándose la relación de confianza, será posible fortalecer los potenciales para el enfrentamiento del proceso salud-enfermedad. Se concluye respecto de la necesidad de instrumentos que auxilien al profesional que actúa en el área de Salud Colectiva a identificar las necesidades de salud de los usuarios

Interaction in research and the importance of exercising hospitality within the academic environment

This article aims to discuss the relevance of the initiative of promoting the scientific event, the Academy of International Hospitality Research Conference 2014, held in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, in November 2014, and of its result – texts presented there were published as this joint edition of the scientific journals Hospitalidade (ISSN 1807-975X and e-ISSN 2179-9164) and Research in Hospitality Management (ISSN 2224-3534, printed version), in an unprecedented movement of union between Portuguese and English-speaking researchers dedicated to the study of hospitality.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio