Dites-le avec des cartes

Les systèmes de traitement numérique de l’information géographique favorisent l’investigation et multiplient les moyens de diffusion du savoir. Sur un thème aussi sensible que celui de l’urbanisation littorale, la carte qui s’appuie sur une information riche et innovante est un formidable outil d’interrogation et de discussion

Cachez cette carte, que nous ne saurions voir…

Figure 1. Reproduction de la carte réalisée en 1995 au format A0 La cartographie est forcément critique, car elle utilise des mots simples en même temps qu’elle offre souvent l’image d’éléments jusqu’alors peu visibles. Lors de travaux menés il y a plus de 25 ans et publiés dans la revue Mappemonde (Pottier, 1994 ; Pottier et Robin, 1997), il nous a été donné d’expérimenter à la fois cette portée cognitive de l’expression cartographique, mais également ses retombées politiques et sociétales...

Food systems under stress (FSUS) project FSUS/PRA workshop – Tanzania Magindu Village, Kibaha District, 23-25 August 1993.

This report is a chronological account of the Magindu Workshop, based mainly on the teams deliberations at the end of each day.Magindu village lies within the Coastal Region and is situated 25 km south of Chalinze (about 45 minutes by car along a sandy track) just beyond the intersection with the Central Railway Line. The village is inhabited by Wakwere and Kutu cultivators (90) %) and Maasai cattle keepers (10%). Magindu's history can be summed up as one of consecutive droughts and people moving in and out of the area. Al though drought occurs periodically, rainfall is not necessarily a limiting factor, and can go up to 800 mm a year. The soils, however, are not very deep. (Dodoma is much drier, but a lot of aid and research is already focused on that region). In 1990-1991 Magindu suffered terribly in the drought, which was so severe that it put Magindu on the political map. Ministers visited the area

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Dynamique urbaine et aménagement du littoral entre la Vilaine et la Baie de Bourgneuf. Analyse géographique et critique

This research project (P .HJ), of Geography) is an attempt to expose the difficulties inherent in effective control of coastline urbanisation within the framework of a policy subject to multiple restrictions. Its aim is to organise a general reflection upon the organisation of coastline areas, terrain occupation, and in particular urban dynamics between la Vilaine and the bay of Bourgneuf.Cette recherche (Doctorat de Géographie) tente de mettre au jour les difficultés d’une maîtrise efficace de rurbanisation littorale dans le cadre d’un aménagement soumis à de nombreuses contraintes. Elle vise à organiser une réflexion globale autour de l’organisation des espaces littoraux, de l’occupation des sols et plus particulièrement de la dynamique urbaine entre la Vilaine et la baie de Bourgneuf.Pottier Patrick. Dynamique urbaine et aménagement du littoral entre la Vilaine et la Baie de Bourgneuf. Analyse géographique et critique. In: Cahiers du Centre nantais de recherche pour l'aménagement régional, n°30-31, 1988. De la géographie à sa pratique dans l'Ouest de la France - Mélanges offerts en hommage au Professeur Jacques-Edmond GRAS. pp. 61-79

Urbanisation littorale et SIG. Plaidoyer pour le renforcement de l'approche thématique dans l'application SIG.

International audienc

Sémiologie et communication cartographique: Fiche technique du CNIG n° 40

http://www.cnig.serveur-1.net/fiches/fiche40.pd