Un service d'urgence en psychiatrie : quelle interface pour l'accès aux soins ?: Etude statistique de l'activité d'un service d'urgence de 1999 à 2003

Article en ligne : http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/en/revues/medecine/ipe/e-docs/00/04/21/59/article.phtmlInternational audienceEmergency psychiatric services: what interface is needed to access care? Statistical study into the activities of an emergency ward from 1999 to 2003.Emergency reception is a core issue in the question of access to psychiatric care. Reception facilities are not restricted to an institution, but are rather an interface between the various types of demand and the array of possible courses of treatment in psychiatry. At the specialised hospital at Saint-Jean-de-Dieu in Lyon, the emergency ward and department for medical information inventoried arrivals in their emergency reception over a period of 5 years (1999-2003) asking doctors to fill in a form giving precise details on the profile of patients dealt with. The data compiled represents 14,689 emergency situations corresponding to 6,568 patients. Different patient profiles were established revealing differing demands on emergency care. In emergency reception a crisis reception service and chronicity reception service coexist. Emergency reception is a crucial interface for patients of the first category (crisis profile) to access care, but a “substitute” structure for the second group (chronic). This raises the idea of creating reception areas specifically directed at chronic mental distress.L'accueil des urgences est au cœur de la problématique de l'accès aux soins en psychiatrie. Loin d'être exclusivement un lieu de soin institutionnel, il se présente comme une interface entre une demande multiforme de prise en charge et la multiplicité des parcours de soin en psychiatrie. Au CHS Saint-Jean-de-Dieu à Lyon, le service des urgences et le DIM ont recensé, pendant 5 ans (de 1999 à 2003), les passages dans l'UAU de leur établissement grâce à une fiche remplie par les médecins et renseignant de façon précise le profil des patients reçus en urgence. Les données collectées représentent 14 689 situations d'urgences correspondant à 6 568 patients. Différents profils de patients ont pu être établis et amènent à constater une consommation différenciée de l'urgence. À l'UAU cohabitent un accueil de la crise et un accueil de la chronicité. L'urgence est une interface indispensable pour l'accès aux soins pour les patients de la première catégorie (profil de crise) mais une structure de « substitution » pour la deuxième population (chroniques). Cela amène à penser la création de lieux d'accueil spécifiques de la détresse psychique chroniqu

Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the Amazonian freshwater stingray Paratrygon aiereba Müller & Henle, 1841 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

The family Potamotrygonidae is monophyletic comprising three genera: Paratrygon Duméril, Potamotrygon Garman and Plesiotrygon Rosa, Castello & Thorson. The distribution of most species in this family is restricted to a single basin or fluvial system. Only Potamotrygon motoro, Potamotrygon orbignyi and Paratrygon aiereba are found in more than one river basin. In this study we investigate genetic structuring of Paratrygon aiereba, from five rivers of the Amazon region: Negro, Solimões- Amazon-Estuary system, Tapajós, Xingu and Araguaia. Sixty-three individuals were sequenced for ATPase 6, and a representative subsample of 27 individuals was sequenced for COI. The COI dataset analysis indicated that Paratrygon is sister to all other potamotrygonid genera and species. Population parameters inferred from the analysis of ATPase 6 sequences revealed that the populations of this species are structured within each river, with no or nearly non-existent gene flow occurring between rivers and a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distances. Paratrygon aiereba is comprised of three geographically restricted clades with K2P interclade distances of at least 2%. Intraspecific divergence within P. aiereba is similar to the interspecific divergence observed in Potamotrygon spp. sampled throughout the same geographic area. Using the premises of COI barcoding and the allopatric distribution of the three P. aiereba clades, the taxon P. aiereba most likely comprises three distinct biological species. Since freshwater stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae are highly exploited for the aquarium trade, management and conservation strategies need to be implemented at the level of each river basin, rather than at the level of the Amazon basin. © 2012 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia

Conservation successes and challenges for wide-ranging sharks and rays

Overfishing is the most significant threat facing sharks and rays. Given the growth in consumption of seafood, combined with the compounding effects of habitat loss, climate change, and pollution, there is a need to identify recovery paths, particularly in poorly managed and poorly monitored fisheries. Here, we document conservation through fisheries management success for 11 coastal sharks in US waters by comparing population trends through a Bayesian state-space model before and after the implementation of the 1993 Fisheries Management Plan for Sharks. We took advantage of the spatial and temporal gradients in fishing exposure and fisheries management in the Western Atlantic to analyze the effect on the Red List status of all 26 wide-ranging coastal sharks and rays. We show that extinction risk was greater where fishing pressure was higher, but this was offset by the strength of management engagement (indicated by strength of National and Regional Plan of Action for sharks and rays). The regional Red List Index (which tracks changes in extinction risk through time) declined in all regions until the 1980s but then improved in the North and Central Atlantic such that the average extinction risk is currently half that in the Southwest. Many sharks and rays are wide ranging, and successful fisheries management in one country can be undone by poorly regulated or unregulated fishing elsewhere. Our study underscores that well-enforced, science-based management of carefully monitored fisheries can achieve conservation success, even for slow-growing species

Fabrication and Characterization of 3D Micro- and Nanoelectrodes for Neuron Recordings

In this paper we discuss the fabrication and characterization of three dimensional (3D) micro- and nanoelectrodes with the goal of using them for extra- and intracellular studies. Two different types of electrodes will be described: high aspect ratio microelectrodes for studying the communication between cells and ultimately for brain slice recordings and small nanoelectrodes for highly localized measurements and ultimately for intracellular studies. Electrical and electrochemical characterization of these electrodes as well as the results of PC12 cell differentiation on chip will be presented and discussed

Overfishing Drives Over One-Third of All Sharks and Rays Toward a Global Extinction Crisis

The scale and drivers of marine biodiversity loss are being revealed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessment process. We present the first global reassessment of 1,199 species in Class Chondrichthyes-sharks, rays, and chimeras. The first global assessment (in 2014) concluded that one-quarter (24%) of species were threatened. Now, 391 (32.6%) species are threatened with extinction. When this percentage of threat is applied to Data Deficient species, more than one-third (37.5%) of chondrichthyans are estimated to be threatened, with much of this change resulting from new information. Three species are Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), representing possibly the first global marine fish extinctions due to overfishing. Consequently, the chondrichthyan extinction rate is potentially 25 extinctions per million species years, comparable to that of terrestrial vertebrates. Overfishing is the universal threat affecting all 391 threatened species and is the sole threat for 67.3% of species and interacts with three other threats for the remaining third: loss and degradation of habitat (31.2% of threatened species), climate change (10.2%), and pollution (6.9%). Species are disproportionately threatened in tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Science-based limits on fishing, effective marine protected areas, and approaches that reduce or eliminate fishing mortality are urgently needed to minimize mortality of threatened species and ensure sustainable catch and trade of others. Immediate action is essential to prevent further extinctions and protect the potential for food security and ecosystem functions provided by this iconic lineage of predators

Loss of Sugar Detection by GLUT2 Affects Glucose Homeostasis in Mice

International audienceBACKGROUND: Mammals must sense the amount of sugar available to them and respond appropriately. For many years attention has focused on intracellular glucose sensing derived from glucose metabolism. Here, we studied the detection of extracellular glucose concentrations in vivo by invalidating the transduction pathway downstream from the transporter-detector GLUT2 and measured the physiological impact of this pathway. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We produced mice that ubiquitously express the largest cytoplasmic loop of GLUT2, blocking glucose-mediated gene expression in vitro without affecting glucose metabolism. Impairment of GLUT2-mediated sugar detection transiently protected transgenic mice against starvation and streptozotocin-induced diabetes, suggesting that both low- and high-glucose concentrations were not detected. Transgenic mice favored lipid oxidation, and oral glucose was slowly cleared from blood due to low insulin production, despite massive urinary glucose excretion. Kidney adaptation was characterized by a lower rate of glucose reabsorption, whereas pancreatic adaptation was associated with a larger number of small islets. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Molecular invalidation of sugar sensing in GLUT2-loop transgenic mice changed multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis, highlighting by a top-down approach, the role of membrane glucose receptors as potential therapeutic targets

Transient Neuronal Populations Are Required to Guide Callosal Axons: A Role for Semaphorin 3C

Neurons, glia, and callosal axons operate as a “ménage à trois” in the development of the corpus callosum

Unravelling the sex-specific diversity and functions of adrenal gland macrophages

Despite the ubiquitous function of macrophages across the body, the diversity, origin, and function of adrenal gland macrophages remain largely unknown. We define the heterogeneity of adrenal gland immune cells using single-cell RNA sequencing and use genetic models to explore the developmental mechanisms yielding macrophage diversity. We define populations of monocyte-derived and embryonically seeded adrenal gland macrophages and identify a female-specific subset with low major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. In adulthood, monocyte recruitment dominates adrenal gland macrophage maintenance in female mice. Adrenal gland macrophage sub-tissular distribution follows a sex-dimorphic pattern, with MHC class IIlow macrophages located at the cortico-medullary junction. Macrophage sex dimorphism depends on the presence of the cortical X-zone. Adrenal gland macrophage depletion results in altered tissue homeostasis, modulated lipid metabolism, and decreased local aldosterone production during stress exposure. Overall, these data reveal the heterogeneity of adrenal gland macrophages and point toward sex-restricted distribution and functions of these cells.</p

Ocorrência, biologia e uso das raias de água doce na Baía de Marajó (Pará, Brasil), com ênfase na biologia de Plesiotrygon iwamae (Chondrichthyes : Potamotrygonidae)

The present study included stingrays of the Potamotrygonidae family, the only one among elasmobranches that possesses ali representatives exclusively in freshwater. It was carried out in the Islands of Cotijuba and Colares, which are located in the estuarine region of the Marajó Bay, during the rnonths of May, August, October and December of 2000. The sampling included the genera Plesiotrygon, Potamottygon, Paratrygon and a fourth genus that is currently being described. Information related to the frequency of occurrence and biomass indicated the predominance of Potamottygon spp. and Plesiotrygon iwamae in this region. The fishery equipment used selected the size of the stingrays captured. Specific observations were made concerning the feeding and reproductive biology of the species P. iwamae. Stomach content analysis, using the index of relative importance (TRT), indicated that this species feeds mainly on crustaceans and fish. Macroscopic observations of the reproductive organs of males and females were made. The results indicated that this species presents aplacental matrotrophic viviparity with trophonemata. Probably its reproductive cycle is seasonal, is related to salinity changes and several females are captured as they approach the beaches of this bay to reproduce. In this region the freshwater stingrays are routinely captured mainly for food, medicinal and ornamental purposes_ A high number of stingray accidents and treatments were observed in both islands. The conservation of the species of freshwater stingrays requires more knowledge about their biology, follow-ups on their exploration and perhaps management measures.CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoWWF - World Wildlife FundUSAID - United States Agency for International DevelopmentO presente estudo incluiu espécimes da família Potamotrygonidae, única dentre os elasmobrânquios que possui todos representantes exclusivamente em águas doces, e foi desenvolvido na região estuarina da baía de Marajó nas ilhas de Cotijuba e Colares, durante os meses de maio, agosto, outubro e dezembro de 2000. As coletas incluíram os gêneros Plesiotrygon, Potamotrygon, Paratrygon e um quarto gênero que está atualmente em processo de descrição. Informações relacionadas a freqüência de ocorrência e biomassa indicam uma predominância de Potamotrygon spp. e de Plesiotrygon iwamae nesta região, sendo o tamanho das raias selecionado pelos aparelhos de pesca. Observações mais específicas sobre a alimentação e biologia reprodutiva da espécie P. iwamae foram realizadas. As análises de conteúdo estomacal, realizadas através do índice de Importância Relativa (TRI), apontaram esta espécie como uma consumidora de crustáceos e peixes. Observações macroscópicas de órgãos reprodutivos de machos e fêmeas foram efetuadas. Os resultados indicaram que esta espécie apresenta viviparidade aplacentária com matrotrofia-trofodermata. Provavelmente seu ciclo reprodutivo é sazonal, está ligado a oscilações de salinidade e muitas fêmeas são capturadas ao aproximarem-se das margens da baía para reproduzirem. As raias de água doce nesta região são rotineiramente capturadas predominantemente para fins de consumo, medicinal e ornamental. Um grande número de acidentes com ferroadas de raias e respectivos tratamentos foram observados em ambas as localidades. A conservação das espécies de raias de água doce requer maiores conhecimentos sobre sua biologia, um acompanhamento de sua exploração e eventuais medidas de manejo