Prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity: a 3-year retrospective study

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disease of premature infants which leads to permanent blindness. Early screening is needed to diagnose ROP and prevent blindness.Methods: Retrospective study was conducted in 225 neonates from January 2018 to December 2020. All neonates with birth weight 0.05). Out of 148 neonates who were given oxygen 19 (12.83%) developed ROP (odds ratio: 5.52). Out of 42 neonates who had sepsis, 2 (4.76%) developed ROP (odds ratio: 0.43).Conclusions: The prevalence of ROP was 9.33%. The prevalence is showing a decreasing trend. ROP is not affected by gender. Oxygen given to neonates is associated with greater ROP. But sepsis in neonates is not associated with development of ROP

Comparison of ocular manifestations in diabetic vs. non-diabetic patients in southern Rajasthan

Background: Effects of DM are gradual, progressive and due to chronic exposure to high blood sugar levels. DM also affect the eyes which can lead to ocular morbidity as DR can cause blindness. In that view, it becomes increasingly important to diagnose them at the earliest for proper management and prevention of complications.Methods: A total of 182 patients examined, out of which 91 were diabetic and 91 were non diabetic. Complete ocular examination was done that included visual acuity, anterior segment and fundus. Diabetic retinopathy was graded according to ETDRS classification. Diabetic patients were divided into 3 groups on the basis of HbA1c level (%): group-A (6-8), group-B (8-10) and group-C (>10). Patients were divided into 3 groups on the basis of duration (years): group1 (10).Results: Ocular manifestations were more prevalent in diabetics than non-diabetics along with that DR was found in diabetic patients and no retinopathy was found in non-diabetic patients. Out of 91 diabetic patients, DR was found in 30(33.3%) patients. Out of 30 DR, NPDR was found in 25(75%) and PDR was found in 5 (15%). DR in group A, B and C: 0, 17 (58%) and 13 (86%) respectively. DR in group1,2 and 3 was 3 (7.5%), 11 (35.4%) and 16 (80%) respectively.Conclusions: Longer duration of diabetes and higher HbA1c level are associated with increased prevalence and severity of DR

Clinical profile of ocular trauma in a tertiary care hospital of Southern Rajasthan

Background: Ocular trauma is a major cause of preventable visual impairment and blindness leading to permanent loss of vision and deterioration of quality of life. 90% of the injuries are preventable. Aim of the current study was to study the clinical profile of patients with ocular trauma at a tertiary care hospital in Southern Rajasthan. Current study was a cross- sectional, observational study was conducted at Geetanjali medical college and hospital, Udaipur.Methods: After taking a well-informed consent a generalized detailed history of 108 cases (123 injured eyes) was obtained. Assessment of best corrected visual acuity, near vision, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp evaluation and dilated fundus examination was carried out. Then injury was classified as per BETTS classification. Patients with corneal foreign bodies and chemical injuries were recorded separately. Imaging modalities like ultrasound B-scan, CT-scan and MRI were employed wherever required. Results: Number of males (98) was much higher than females (9) in our study. Male: female ratio was found to be 10.8:1. The most commonly affected age group was 21-30 years, this highlights the alarmingly high incidence of ocular injuries in economically active young males. Farming is the primary occupation across India, hence it deserves a special mention. 22% of injury cases in our study were farm- work related injuries. Farmers need to be educated and provided eye protective equipment during high-risk activities. Laws regarding agricultural code of practice should be implemented and followed.Conclusions: In our study, not a single case out of 108 had used eye protection at the time of injury. Every effort should be made to create awareness regarding use of safety measures during driving and engaging in high-risk occupations. This will help prevent sight-threatening complications of ocular trauma and the deleterious impact on quality of life

A review of numerical analysis of friction stir welding

Friction stir welding is a relatively new solid-state joining technique which is widely adopted in different industry fields to join different metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. Friction stir welding is a highly complex process comprising several highly coupled physical phenomena. The complex geometry of some kinds of joints and their three dimensional nature make it difficult to develop an overall system of governing equations for theoretical analyzing the behavior of the friction stir welded joints. The experiments are often time consuming and costly. To overcome these problems, numerical analysis has frequently been used since the 2000s. This paper reviews the latest developments in the numerical analysis of friction stir welding processes, microstructures of friction stir welded joints and the properties of friction stir welded structures. Some important numerical issues such as materials flow modeling, meshing procedure and failure criteria are discussed. Numerical analysis of friction stir welding will allow many different welding processes to be simulated in order to understand the effects of changes in different system parameters before physical testing, which would be time-consuming or prohibitively expensive in practice. The main methods used in numerical analysis of friction stir welding are discussed and illustrated with brief case studies. In addition, several important key problems and issues remain to be addressed about the numerical analysis of friction stir welding and opportunities for further research are identified