PENGGUNAAN BUKU KIA SEBAGAI MEDIA EDUKASI PADA IBU HAMIL

Data cakupan kepemilikan buku KIA di Puskesmas Tlogosari Kulon sebesar 95%, namun termasuk dalam urutan pertama kasus kematian ibu di Kota Semarang. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan penggunaan buku KIA dengan praktik sehat ibu hamil di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tlogosari Kulon. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian explanatory research dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tlogosari Kulon sebanyak 703 ibu hamil dengan usia kehamilan > 4 bulan. Subjek sebanyak 93 ibu hamil yang dipilih dengan teknik simple random sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi spearman dan Chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase terbanyak pada pengetahuan ibu hamil dengan kategori baik (53,8%), sikap ibu hamil dengan kategori positif (59,1%), praktik sehat ibu hamil dengan kategori baik (58,1%), penggunaan buku KIA dengan kategori baik (50,5%) dan informasi dari sumber lain dengan kategori baik (65,6%). Tidak ada hubungan penggunaan buku KIA dengan pengetahuan (p=0,310), praktik (p=0,925) dan ada hubungan penggunaan buku KIA dengan sikap (p=0,000). Sebelum dikontrol dengan informasi dari sumber lain didapatkan hasil bahwa tidak ada hubungan membaca buku KIA dengan pengetahuan (0,432), praktik sehat ibu hamil (0,797) dan ada hubungan membaca buku KIA dengan sikap ibu hamil terhadap kesehatan (0,000). Setelah dikontrol dengan informasi dari sumber lain dianalisis secara terpisah antara ibu yang mendapat informasi dari sumber lain dan yang tidak mendapat informasi dari sumber lain diperoleh hasil yang sama seperti sebelum dikontrol dengan informasi dari sumber lain.Disarankan program yang sudah ada seperti kelas ibu hamil perlu dikembangkan untuk mendukung penggunaan buku KIA sebagai informasi kesehatan Kata Kunci: penggunaan buku KIA, Ibu hamil, praktik, sikap, pengetahua

Adolescents Perceptions of Victims and Perpetrators of Cyberbullying

Abstract Cyberbullying is a form of bullying that occurs through technological means, such as social networking, and instant messaging, among others. It can be constant, and at other times may occur in isolated incidents, but despite the timeline of progression, some scholars argue that the effects are almost always catastrophic (Kowalski, Limber, & Agatston, 2012). The present study examined the behavioural characteristics of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration, along with help seeking behaviours and reporting likelihood amongst adolescents in southwestern Ontario. A mixed methodology was utilized. Quantitative secondary data from a large scale survey completed by a school board in southwestern Ontario of 16, 145 participants was analyzed, and qualitative data from semi-structured focus groups, including 112 participants, was also collected. Results indicated a clear trend for gender differences between each experience, females were more likely to be victimized than males, however males were more likely to perpetrate. An overlap between both roles was evident and females were more likely to perpetrate and be victimized than their male counterparts. Retaliation and revenge were major themes for cyberbullying perpetration and role overlap. In the qualitative study, participants were more likely to report experiences to their peers than any other reporting source. Implications for future research and cyberbullying prevention strategies are explored further. Keywords: cyberbullying, bullying, adolescents, perpetration, victimization, reporting likelihood, help seeking, mixed methodology, gende

AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ TYPES OF SENTENCES IN COMPOSING CONVERSATION AT SMA FREE METHODIST 2 MEDAN

The study identified and analyzed the types of sentences found in the text and what types of sentences were the dominantly used. Researchers use qualitative descriptive research methods by using analysis documents to obtain the desired results. Researchers collected 88 sentences data. The result showed that first, the types of sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentence. Declarative sentence consists of 18 data, interrogative sentence consists of 30 data, imperative sentence consists of 24 data and exclamative sentence consists of 16 data. Second, the data analyzed showed that the interrogative sentence is the most frequency dominant used, while the least frequency dominant is exclamative sentence

Mental Health Literacy and Initial Teacher Education: A Program Evaluation

Utilizing a program evaluation framework, this study explored the effectiveness of a 10-week, mandatory, online mental health literacy course for 275 teacher candidates in a large central Canadian faculty of education. Shifts in teacher candidates’ mental health literacy (using the Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire; Rodger Johnson, & Weston, 2017), attitudes toward mental health (Opening Minds Scale; Modgill, Patten, Knaak, & Szeto, 2014), and two types of coping skills, seeking social support and self-control (Ways of Coping Scale; Folkman & Lazarus, 1985), were examined. The findings indicated that the course demonstrated efficacy in positively shifting teaching candidates’ mental health knowledge, stigma attitudes, and one type of coping skill, namely self control. Further, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to explore the predictive nature of the four-factor model from the Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (MHLQ; teaching and leading in a mentally healthy classroom, role clarity, professional relational skills, expectancies) as a predictor of the measures of interest. Results indicated that teaching and leading in a mentally healthy classroom was the only predictor of teacher candidates’ coping skills for those experiencing professionally related stress. Overall, findings of the program evaluation of this mandatory, online mental health literacy course support the existing literature, and demonstrates that teacher candidates can benefit from enhanced early training experiences on mental health topics during their initial teacher education

Diagnostic Applications for RNA-Seq Technology and Transcriptome Analyses in Human Diseases Caused by RNA Viruses

Human diseases caused by single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, are among the deadliest of the 21st Century. In particular, there are two notable standouts: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Detection of these disease-causing viral transcripts, by next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), represents the most immediate opportunity for advances in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive applicability in infectious diseases (e.g., AIDS and COVID-19). Moreover, RNA-Seq technologies add significant value to public health studies by first, providing real-time surveillance of known viral strains, and second, by the augmentation of epidemiological databases, construction of annotations and classifications of novel sequence variants. This chapter intends to recapitulate the current knowledge of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome architecture, pathogenicity, and some features of the host immune response. Additionally, it provides an overview of recent advances in diagnostic sequencing methodologies and discusses the future challenges and prospects on the utilization of RNA-Seq technologies

Leveraging a Rapid, Round-the-Clock HIV Testing System to Screen for Acute HIV Infection in a Large Urban Public Medical Center

Methods The hospital laboratory performed round-the-clock rapid HIV antibody testing on venipuncture specimens from patients undergoing HIV testing in hospital and community clinics, inpatient settings, and the emergency department. For patients with negative results, a public health laboratory conducted pooled HIV RNA testing for acute HIV infection. The laboratories communicated positive results from the hospital campus to a linkage team. Linkage was defined as one outpatient HIV-related visit. Results Among 7,927 patients, 8,550 rapid tests resulted in 137 cases of HIV infection (1.7%, 95% CI 1.5%–2.0%), of whom 46 were new HIV diagnoses (0.58%, 95% CI 0.43%–0.77%). Pooled HIV RNA testing of 6,704 specimens (78.4%) resulted in 3 cases of acute HIV infection (0.05%, 95% CI 0.01%–0.14) and increased HIV case detection by 3.5%. Half of new HIV diagnoses and 2/3 of acute infections were detected in the emergency department and urgent care clinic. Rapid test sensitivity was 98.9% (95% CI 93.8%– 99.8%); specificity was 99.9% (95% CI 99.7%–99.9%). Over 95% of newly diagnosed and out-of-care HIV-infected patients were linked to care. Conclusions Patients undergoing HIV testing in emergency departments and urgent care clinics may benefit from being simultaneously screened for acute HIV infection

HIV-1 Infection of T cells and macrophages are differentially modulated by virion-associated Hck: a nef-dependent phenomenon

The proline repeat motif (PxxP) of Nef is required for interaction with the SH3 domains of macrophage-specific Src kinase Hck. However, the implication of this interaction for viral replication and infectivity in macrophages and T lymphocytes remains unclear. Experiments in HIV-1 infected macrophages confirmed the presence of a Nef:Hck complex which was dependent on the Nef proline repeat motif. The proline repeat motif of Nef also enhanced both HIV-1 infection and replication in macrophages, and was required for incorporation of Hck into viral particles. Unexpectedly, wild-type Hck inhibited infection of macrophages, but Hck was shown to enhance infection of primary T lymphocytes. These results indicate that the interaction between Nef and Hck is important for Nef-dependent modulation of viral infectivity. Hck-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 infection of T cells suggests that Nef-Hck interaction may contribute to the spread of HIV-1 infection from macrophages to T cells by modulating events in the producer cell, virion and target cell

Screening Yield of HIV Antigen/Antibody Combination and Pooled HIV RNA Testing for Acute HIV Infection in a High-Prevalence Population

Although acute HIV infection contributes disproportionately to onward HIV transmission, HIV testing has not routinely included screening for acute HIV infection. To evaluate the performance of an HIV antigen/antibody (Ag/Ab) combination assay to detect acute HIV infection compared with pooled HIV RNA testing. Multisite, prospective, within-individual comparison study conducted between September 2011 and October 2013 in 7 sexually transmitted infection clinics and 5 community-based programs in New York, California, and North Carolina. Participants were 12 years or older and seeking HIV testing, without known HIV infection. All participants with a negative rapid HIV test result were screened for acute HIV infection with an HIV Ag/Ab combination assay (index test) and pooled human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) RNA testing. HIV RNA testing was the reference standard, with positive reference standard result defined as detectable HIV-1 RNA on an individual RNA test. Number and proportion with acute HIV infections detected. Among 86,836 participants with complete test results (median age, 29 years; 75.0% men; 51.8% men who have sex with men), established HIV infection was diagnosed in 1158 participants (1.33%) and acute HIV infection was diagnosed in 168 participants (0.19%). Acute HIV infection was detected in 134 participants with HIV Ag/Ab combination testing (0.15% [95% CI, 0.13%-0.18%]; sensitivity, 79.8% [95% CI, 72.9%-85.6%]; specificity, 99.9% [95% CI, 99.9%-99.9%]; positive predictive value, 59.0% [95% CI, 52.3%-65.5%]) and in 164 participants with pooled HIV RNA testing (0.19% [95% CI, 0.16%-0.22%]; sensitivity, 97.6% [95% CI, 94.0%-99.4%]; specificity, 100% [95% CI, 100%-100%]; positive predictive value, 96.5% [95% CI, 92.5%-98.7%]; sensitivity comparison, P < .001). Overall HIV Ag/Ab combination testing detected 82% of acute HIV infections detectable by pooled HIV RNA testing. Compared with rapid HIV testing alone, HIV Ag/Ab combination testing increased the relative HIV diagnostic yield (both established and acute HIV infections) by 10.4% (95% CI, 8.8%-12.2%) and pooled HIV RNA testing increased the relative HIV diagnostic yield by 12.4% (95% CI, 10.7%-14.3%). In a high-prevalence population, HIV screening using an HIV Ag/Ab combination assay following a negative rapid test detected 82% of acute HIV infections detectable by pooled HIV RNA testing, with a positive predictive value of 59%. Further research is needed to evaluate this strategy in lower-prevalence populations and in persons using preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention

Differences in HIV Burden and Immune Activation within the Gut of HIV-Positive Patients Receiving Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

Background. The gut is a major reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesized that distinct immune environments within the gut may support varying levels of HIV. Methods. In 8 HIV-1-positive adults who were receiving ART and had CD4+ T cell counts of >200 cells/µL and plasma viral loads of <40 copies/mL, levels of HIV and T cell activation were measured in blood samples and endoscopic biopsy specimens from the duodenum, ileum, ascending colon, and rectum. Results. HIV DNA and RNA levels per CD4+ T cell were higher in all 4 gut sites compared with those in the blood. HIV DNA levels increased from the duodenum to the rectum, whereas the median HIV RNA level peaked in the ileum. HIV DNA levels correlated positively with T cell activation markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but negatively with T cell activation markers in the gut. Multiply spliced RNA was infrequently detected in gut, and ratios of unspliced RNA to DNA were lower in the colon and rectum than in PBMCs, which reflects paradoxically low HIV transcription, given the higher level of T cell activation in the gut. Conclusions. HIV DNA and RNA are both concentrated in the gut, but the inverse relationship between HIV DNA levels and T cell activation in the gut and the paradoxically low levels of HIV expression in the large bowel suggest that different processes drive HIV persistence in the blood and gut. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00884793 (PLUS1