Evaluating the effects of stream power on rill flow resistance

Limited information is currently available on how sediment transport affects rill flow resistance and the influence of hydraulic variables, as stream power, on sediment transport capacity for rill flows. In this paper, the available measurements of hydraulic variables (flow depth, channel slope, mean flow velocity, Reynolds number, Froude number, and Darcy–Weisbach friction factor) carried out by Ban et al. (Measurement of rill and ephemeral gully flow velocities and their model expression affected by flow rate and slope gradient. Journal of Hydrology, 589, 125172) and Ban (Measurements and estimation of flow velocity in mobile bed rills. International Journal of Sediment Research, 38(1), 97–104) for fixed and mobile bed rills are used to test the applicability of a theoretically deduced rill flow resistance equation based on a power-velocity profile. The results allowed for stating that (i) the theoretical flow resistance approach can predict Darcy–Weisbach friction factor for flows over fixed and mobile beds, (ii) the stream power, dependent on flow discharge and slope, determines different flow behaviour, and (iii) the data are supportive of the slope independence hypothesis of rill velocity, for the mobile bed condition, only for the highest investigated discharge values (greater than 0.133 L s−1)

A COMBINED APPROACH FOR SURVEYING COMPLEX COASTAL SITES

Abstract. This study presents an integrated approach for reading coastal sites. A process aimed at protecting and enhancing these sites must be developed alongside a targeted interdisciplinary strategy, closely linked to the fields of archaeology, survey, landscape reading, morphology of the territory and geology. These must no longer be managed as individual cognitive elements, but within a single comprehensive analytical interpretation model.The experiment activity carried out along the rocky area of Aci Castello, on the eastern coast of Sicily, was developed using a methodological approach based on the integration of 3D data coming from various survey technologies &amp;ndash; 3D laser scanning, mobile mapping and echo sounder systems. The aim of the experiment was to create a complete three-dimensional model of the studied area, focused on obtaining a dynamic understanding, that is punctual and comprehensive, of the site's value and fragility.</p

Rill and Interrill Soil Loss Estimations Using the USLE-MB Equation at the Sparacia Experimental Site (South Italy)

A reliable prediction of event soil loss at the plot scale can be obtained by Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-type models. For the Sparacia site (South Italy), the USLE-MB model was recently developed, in which the effect of the erosive agent is modeled using the rainfall erosivity index of the USLE by a power b1 &gt; 1 of the runoff coefficient QR. In this investigation, the model is parameterized separately using plot data collected for rill and interrill events that occurred in the Sparacia experimental area. The values b1 = 1.406 and b1 = 1.012 were obtained for the interrill and rill databases, respectively, which revealed a different effect of the runoff coefficient on soil loss due to the two erosive processes. Different relationships expressive of topographic factors were also deduced. The USLE-MB estimation performance significantly improved when operating the distinction between the two databases compared with the model parameterized on the complete database. The model was particularly reliable in estimating the highest event soil loss values, which were associated with the occurrence of rills. Finally, the proposed parameterization procedure lends itself to being tested in the framework of empirical soil loss modeling

EUSEDcollab: a network of data from European catchments to monitor net soil erosion by water

As a network of researchers we release an open-access database (EUSEDcollab) of water discharge and suspended sediment yield time series records collected in small to medium sized catchments in Europe. EUSEDcollab is compiled to overcome the scarcity of open-access data at relevant spatial scales for studies on runoff, soil loss by water erosion and sediment delivery. Multi-source measurement data from numerous researchers and institutions were harmonised into a common time series and metadata structure. Data reuse is facilitated through accompanying metadata descriptors providing background technical information for each monitoring station setup. Across ten European countries, EUSEDcollab covers over 1600 catchment years of data from 245 catchments at event (11 catchments), daily (22 catchments) and monthly (212 catchments) temporal resolution, and is unique in its focus on small to medium catchment drainage areas (median = 43 km(2), min = 0.04 km(2), max = 817 km(2)) with applicability for soil erosion research. We release this database with the aim of uniting people, knowledge and data through the European Union Soil Observatory (EUSO)

Relationship of weather types on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield in the western Mediterranean basin

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations.Spanish Government (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and FEDER Projects: CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R, ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R, CGL2016-78075-P, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857, RECARE-FP7, CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. Dhais Peña-Angulo received a “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Ana Lucia acknowledge the "Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm". The “Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change” (E02_17R) was financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS- Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdà thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernandez acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306)

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations

Bio-affinity of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells with polymeric scaffold in Poly L-Lactid Acid (PLLA) for bone substitution.

Damage to an organ or tissue remains a problem despite advances in medical technology. Available treatments include organs transplantation, surgical reconstruction such as mechanical devices. However, all these methodologies have several contraindications. In recent years, tissue engineering methods is considered as means to replace diseased or damaged organs. For these kind of application, the choice of scaffolding material is crucial to the success of the technique. In the function of the application, the synthetic scaffolds should meet several criteria, including: good biocompatibility, sufficient mechanical properties, and adequate biodegradability. The aim of our study was to evaluate polymeric scaffolds having specific characteristics about biocompatibility and biodegradability