Narrative Review of Nimesulide in Adults: Current Scenario

Nimesulide, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been used as an effective treatment regimen for patients aged >12 years for fever, acute pain, acute tendinitis, osteoarthritis and dysmenorrhea. It is reported to be a superior antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug than paracetamol and aspirin, respectively, and is equal to any of the NSAIDs alone in terms of analgesia. This paper reviews the current scenario of nimesulide in adult patients, concerning clinical evidence, use in special population and expert opinion. Overall, in comparison to other NSAIDs, including coxibs, nimesulide has a promising overall efficacy, safety and tolerability profile, as well as a satisfactory benefit/risk evaluation

Aggregation of Carbocyanine Dyes in Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Presence of an Aqueous Base

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have shown potential as novel media to support molecular aggregation. The self-aggregation behavior of two common and popular carbocyanine dyes, 5,5′,6,6′-tetra­chloro-1,1′-di­ethyl-3,3′-di­(4-sulfo­butyl)-benz­imida­zole carbo­cyanine (TDBC) and 5,5′-di­chloro-3,3′-di­(3-sulfo­propyl)-9-methyl-benzo­thia­carbo cyanine (DMTC), is investigated within DES-based systems under ambient conditions. Although TDBC is known to form J-aggregates in basic aqueous solution, DMTC forms H-aggregates under similar conditions. The DESs used, glyceline and reline, are composed of salt choline chloride and two vastly different H-bond donors, glycerol and urea, respectively, in 1:2 mol ratios. Both DESs in the presence of base are found to support J-aggregates of TDBC. These fluorescent J-aggregates are characterized by small Stokes’ shifts and subnanosecond fluorescence lifetimes. Under similar conditions, DMTC forms fluorescent H-aggregates along with J-aggregates within the two DES-based systems. The addition of cationic surfactant cetyl­tri­methyl­am­monium bromide (CTAB) below its critical micelle concentration (cmc) to a TDBC solution of aqueous base-added glyceline shows the prominent presence of J-aggregates, and increasing the CTAB concentration to above cmc results in the disruption of J-aggregates and the formation of unprecedented H-aggregates. DMTC exclusively forms H-aggregates within a CTAB solution of aqueous base-added glyceline irrespective of the surfactant concentration. Anionic surfactant, sodium do­decyl­sulfate (SDS), present below its cmc within aqueous base-added DESs supports J-aggregation by TDBC; for similar SDS addition, DMTC forms H-aggregates within the glyceline-based system whereas both H- and J-aggregates exist within the reline-based system. A comparison of the carbocyanine dye behavior in various aqueous base-added DES systems to that in aqueous basic media reveals contrasting aggregation tendencies and/or efficiencies. Surfactants as additives are demonstrated to control and modulate carbocyanine dye self-aggregation within DES-based media. The unique nature of DESs as alternate media toward affecting cyanine dye aggregation is highlighted

Self-Aggregation of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate within (Choline Chloride + Urea) Deep Eutectic Solvent

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have shown tremendous promise as green solvents with low toxicity and cost. Understanding molecular aggregation processes within DESs will not only enhance the application potential of these solvents but also help alleviate some of the limitations associated with them. Among DESs, those comprising choline chloride and appropriate hydrogen-bond donors are inexpensive and easy to prepare. On the basis of fluorescence probe, electrical conductivity, and surface tension experiments, we present the first clear lines of evidence for self-aggregation of an anionic surfactant within a DES containing a small fraction of water. Namely, well-defined assemblies of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) apparently form in the archetype DES Reline comprising a 1:2 molar mixture of choline chloride and urea. Significant enhancement in the solubility of organic solvents that are otherwise not miscible in choline chloride-based DESs is achieved within Reline in the presence of SDS. The remarkably improved solubility of cyclohexane within SDS-added Reline is attributed to the presence of spontaneously formed cyclohexane-in-Reline microemulsions by SDS under ambient conditions. Surface tension, dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), density, and dynamic viscosity measurements along with responses from the fluorescence dipolarity and microfluidity probes of pyrene and 1,3-bis­(1-pyrenyl)­propane are employed to characterize these aggregates. Such water-free oil-in-DES microemulsions are appropriately sized to be considered as a new type of nanoreactor

Management of trochanteric fractures of the femur with external fixation in high-risk patients

The aim of this prospective study was to assess the outcome of trochanteric fractures of the femur after external fixation in a group of elderly patients with high surgical risk. The study population consisted of 50 patients with trochanteric fractures of the femur and a mean age of 87 years who were classified by an anaesthetist as ASA 3 or 4 and considered not suitable for conventional fractures fixation. The fracture was fixed with an external fixator under spinal anaesthesia. The final follow-up was at 12 months. All fractures healed within 12 weeks. Superficial pin tract infection occurred in 30 patients, and fracture united with a shortening of 14 mm (5–20) in 12 patients. No implant failures or limitation of knee movements were recorded. Five patients died within 1 year. External fixation is a valuable treatment alternative for trochanteric fracture of the femur in elderly patients