The Emergence of Leader-Society Value Congruence: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

Previous research on cross-cultural leadership has focused on the outcomes associated with leadership factors consistent with national cultural values without exploring how leaders’ individual cultural orientations become congruent with the societal culture in different national settings. The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of how leader-society value congruence is produced and how the degree of such congruency varies across cultures. This paper conceptually clarifies the mechanisms that mediate the influence of cultural context on leader-society value congruence; suggests that the effects of societal context are only distal antecedents of producing congruence between leaders’ individual and societal level cultural values; and concludes that their effects are manifest via their impact on self-construal and communication patterns

Incorporating Gender into Poverty Reduction Strategies

This paper Explain the rationale for incorporating gender in PRS and describing the three-step process to incorporating gender into poverty reduction strategies. It also analyzes the different tools and methods available to identify gender issues in poverty analysis? And discuss the differences between the poverty constraints faced by the women and by men. The paper suggests methods that can be used to analyze gender differences? Finally the paper explains the Pakistan’s country-specific experiences regarding incorporating gender into PRS and discusses the differences between the theoretical aspects of the PRSP process versus the field experiences of the PRSP.PRSP; Gender and Poverty Reduction; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers; incorporating gender into PRSP

Background, Assessment and Analysis of the Gender Issues in Pakistan

This paper describes the assessment of the gender issue in Pakistan, review and analysis of the major sector depicting gender inequalities. Before continuing to the detailed analysis of the gender issues in Pakistan, it gives a bird’s eye-view of the socio-economic, political and cultural background of Pakistan. The paper explains the areas of critical gender inequalities in Pakistan and reviews the various gender indicators in Pakistan. It also discusses the current policies and the programs addressing the gender issues in Pakistan and the suggests some policy recommendations to improve the women’s status in Pakistan.Pakistan and Gender Issues; Assessment of gender issues in Pakistan; Gender Indicators

ESTIMATING SINGLE FACTOR JUMP DIFFUSION INTEREST RATE MODELS

Recent empirical studies have demonstrated that behaviour of interest rate processes can be better explained if standard diffusion processes are augmented with jumps in the interest rate process. In this paper we examine the performance of both linear and non-linear one factor CKLS model in the presence of jumps. We conclude that empirical features of interest rates not captured by standard diffusion processes are captured by models with jumps and that the linear CKLS model provides sufficient explanation of the data.term structure, jumps, Bayesian, MCMC