SISTEMAS DE VEDAÇÃO EM ALVENARIA PARA EDIFÍCIOS DE ESTRUTURA METÁLICA: DETALHAMENTO COM BASE NA PREVENÇÃO DE MANIFESTAÇÕES PATOLÓGICAS

O desempenho de edifícios quanto à durabilidade está relacionado com a característica dos projetos em prever sistemas, com vistas à condição de exposição ambiental para a qual estarão submetidos. O presente artigo apresenta uma proposta para o projeto de sistemas de vedação em alvenaria para edifícios de estrutura metálica, com o intuito de proporcionar um bom desempenho quanto à durabilidade da estrutura e da vedação. Como subsídio, avaliou-se o desempenho das alvenarias de três edifícios institucionais, recentemente construídos, por meio da vistoria técnica de suas manifestações patológicas. Selecionaram-se edifícios com variações no tipo de vedação, no tipo de ligações alvenariaestrutura e no tratamento dado às fachadas. Avaliaram-se as informações produzidas em projeto e a eficácia dos detalhes. A partir dessas informações, qualificaram-se as práticas adotadas e identificaram-se, dentro de uma sequência de procedimentos, ações preventivas ao surgimento das manifestações patológicas. Por fim, são apresentdos os resultados da utilização dessas ações como norteadoras em um exercício de projeto.The durability performance of multi storey buildings of steel structure is closely associated to the executive project planning in order to provide systems which areexposed to external conditions. The aim of this research was to present a methodological proposal for the design of masonry veneer systems for steel structure of institutional buildings which present high performance regarding durability. In order to execute this proposal, the performance of the veneer system of three institutional buildings was evaluated through building pathologies examination. Buildings which presented variations on the typeof connections between masonry and structure, the type of masonry veneer and the type of façades finishes were surveyed. Then, the designed information was confronted with the construction method applied for the masonry veneer details. The confrontation was used to identify procedures to assist the development of a masonry veneer design which aims to prevent pathologies in steel structure. Finally, a building project were developed using the proposed methodology in a practical design exercise

SISTEMAS DE VEDAÇÃO EM ALVENARIA PARA EDIFÍCIOS DE ESTRUTURA METÁLICA: DETALHAMENTO COM BASE NA PREVENÇÃO DE MANIFESTAÇÕES PATOLÓGICAS

O desempenho de edifícios quanto à durabilidade está relacionado com a característica dos projetos em prever sistemas, com vistas à condição de exposição ambiental para a qual estarão submetidos. O presente artigo apresenta uma proposta para o projeto de sistemas de vedação em alvenaria para edifícios de estrutura metálica, com o intuito de proporcionar um bom desempenho quanto à durabilidade da estrutura e da vedação. Como subsídio, avaliou-se o desempenho das alvenarias de três edifícios institucionais, recentemente construídos, por meio da vistoria técnica de suas manifestações patológicas. Selecionaram-se edifícios com variações no tipo de vedação, no tipo de ligações alvenariaestrutura e no tratamento dado às fachadas. Avaliaram-se as informações produzidas em projeto e a eficácia dos detalhes. A partir dessas informações, qualificaram-se as práticas adotadas e identificaram-se, dentro de uma sequência de procedimentos, ações preventivas ao surgimento das manifestações patológicas. Por fim, são apresentdos os resultados da utilização dessas ações como norteadoras em um exercício de projeto.</p

Sistemas de vedação em alvenaria para edifícios de estrutura metálica: detalhamento com base na prevenção de manifestações patológicas

O desempenho de edifícios quanto à durabilidade está relacionado com a característica dos projetos em prever sistemas, com vistas à condição de exposição ambiental para a qual estarão submetidos. O presente artigo apresenta uma proposta para o projeto de sistemas de vedação em alvenaria para edifícios de estrutura metálica, com o intuito de proporcionar um bom desempenho quanto à durabilidade da estrutura e da vedação. Como subsídio, avaliou-se o desempenho das alvenarias de três edifícios institucionais, recentemente construídos, por meio da vistoria técnica de suas manifestações patológicas. Selecionaram-se edifícios com variações no tipo de vedação, no tipo de ligações alvenaria- estrutura e no tratamento dado às fachadas. Avaliaram-se as informações produzidas em projeto e a eficácia dos detalhes. A partir dessas informações, qualificaram-se as práticas adotadas e identificaram-se, dentro de uma sequência de procedimentos, ações preventivas ao surgimento das manifestações patológicas. Por fim, são apresentados os resultados da utilização dessas ações como norteadoras em um exercício de projeto.The durability performance of multi storey buildings of steel structure is closely associated to the executive project planning in order to provide systems which are exposed to external conditions. The aim of this research was to present a methodological proposal for the design of masonry veneer systems for steel structure of institutional buildings which present high performance regarding durability. In order to execute this proposal, the performance of the veneer system of three institutional buildings was evaluated through building pathologies examination. Buildings which presented variations on the type of connections between masonry and structure, the type of masonry veneer and the type of façades finishes were surveyed. Then, the designed information was confronted with the construction method applied for the masonry veneer details. The confrontation was used to identify procedures to assist the development of a masonry veneer design which aims to prevent pathologies in steel structure. Finally, a building project were developed using the proposed methodology in a practical design exercise

Analysis of Waste Biogas (Landfills) applied to Power Generation

En Brasil, a pesar del alto porcentaje de las energías renovables en el mix energético en comparación con el promedio mundial, el uso de gas generado por los vertederos para la generación de energía es aún incipiente. Hay vertederos desplegadas recientemente con el objetivo de producir electricidad a partir de biogás, pero las plantas más viejas, no tienen esta estructura. Dado que la industria petrolera es de alto consumo energético, este artículo propone la evaluación de la utilización de los gases residuales en el sistema de generación de vapor de una refinería típica en Brasil para generar electricidad y alimentar las unidades de proceso de la refinería. En este sentido, se presenta un análisis basado en datos reales para contextualizar y cuantificar el potencial de biogás de residuos en Brasil. Este estudio considera un relleno al final de la vida (17 años), y la reutilización del gas residual generado hasta el agotamiento completo de gases, teniendo en cuenta un estudio de casos con datos reales de un vertedero existenteIn Brazil, despite the high share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix compared to the world average, the use of gas generated by landfills for power generation is still incipient. There are landfills recently implanted with the purpose to produce electricity from biogas, but the oldest installations do not have this structure. Since the oil industry is energy intensive, the article proposes the evaluation of waste gas use in the steam generation system of a typical refinery in Brazil to generate electricity and feed the refinery process units and considering the economic impact. In this sense, it presents an analysis based on real data to contextualize and quantify the waste biogas potential in a specific landfill in Brazil. The study considers a landfill at the end of life (17 years), and the reuse of the residual gas generated until the full depletion of gases considering a case study with real data obtained from an existing landfil

Experimental Analysis of Watertightness Performance of Interfaces between Masonry and Steel Structures Subjected to Accelerated Aging

Steel buildings often experience failure at the interfaces between their vertical exterior enclosure systems (VEESs) and structural elements. This phenomenon generates various pathological manifestations in steel buildings, resulting in the precocious decay of the structure and the diminishment of its service life. The treatment of these interfaces is essential for ensuring their proper performance and watertightness, and to protect the durability of the steel structure. This paper proposes a method for treating common interface joints between masonry and steel structures with the application of an EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) elastomer membrane. The main goal of this building technique is to ensure the durability and watertightness of the interface’s joints when they are subjected to aging triggered by heat exposure and thermal shock. The experimental models tested consisted of a steel frame and a conventional masonry vertical enclosure system with ceramic blocks plastered with cement mortar. The models were subjected to ten cycles of heat exposure and thermal shock for the purpose of simulating accelerated aging, followed by a watertightness experiment that simulated the action of both rain and wind pressure. The interfaces between masonry and the steel structure proposed in this study allowed adequate differential movements between the parts, without damage to joints and masonry. Only small cracks were observed in the outer test region of all of the interfaces tested. In the regions of the joints treated with the EPDM membrane, no alterations were visible to the naked eye. During the cycles of the heat exposure and thermal shock test, the maximum relative horizontal displacements observed in the joints were 0.743 mm for vertical joints and 0.230 mm for horizontal joints, indicating the accurate reproduction of the behavior expected from an untied interface. The results obtained in the previously mentioned watertightness test showed that no humidity stains were found on the inner face of any of the specimens, even after the continuous application of a pneumatic pressure of 400 Pa for eight hours. Therefore, the results indicated satisfactory performance in terms of durability and watertightness in all evaluated cases, indicating that the application of an EPDM membrane can be effective in preventing water leaks in the interfaces between masonry and steel elements, thus contributing to ensuring the steel structure’s durability

Orientierungsschätzung mit einem Sliding Mode-Beobachter auf Basis Body Sensor Network-integrierter Inertialsensorik

Background: The fungal genus Sporothrix includes at least four human pathogenic species. One of these species, S. brasiliensis, is the causal agent of a major ongoing zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis in Brazil. Elsewhere, sapronoses are caused by S. schenckii and S. globosa. The major aims on this comparative genomic study are: 1) to explore the presence of virulence factors in S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis; 2) to compare S. brasiliensis, which is cat-transmitted and infects both humans and cats with S. schenckii, mainly a human pathogen; 3) to compare these two species to other human pathogens (Onygenales) with similar thermo-dimorphic behavior and to other plant-associated Sordariomycetes. Results: The genomes of S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis were pyrosequenced to 17x and 20x coverage comprising a total of 32.3 Mb and 33.2 Mb, respectively. Pair-wise genome alignments revealed that the two species are highly syntenic showing 97.5% average sequence identity. Phylogenomic analysis reveals that both species diverged about 3.8-4.9 MYA suggesting a recent event of speciation. Transposable elements comprise respectively 0.34% and 0.62% of the S. schenckii andS. brasiliensis genomes and expansions of Gypsy-like elements was observed reflecting the accumulation of repetitive elements in the S. brasiliensis genome. Mitochondrial genomic comparisons showed the presence of group-I intron encoding homing endonucleases (HE’s) exclusively in S. brasiliensis. Analysis of protein family expansions and contractions in theSporothrix lineage revealed expansion of LysM domain-containing proteins, small GTPases, PKS type1 and leucin-rich proteins. In contrast, a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes that are associated with decay of plants was observed when compared to other Sordariomycetes and dimorphic fungal pathogens, suggesting evolutionary adaptations from a plant pathogenic or saprobic to an animal pathogenic life style. Conclusions: Comparative genomic data suggest a unique ecological shift in the Sporothrix lineage from plant-association to mammalian parasitism, which contributes to the understanding of how environmental interactions may shape fungal virulence. . Moreover, the striking differences found in comparison with other dimorphic fungi revealed that dimorphism in these close relatives of plant-associated Sordariomycetes is a case of convergent evolution, stressing the importance of this morphogenetic change in fungal pathogenesis

Comparative genomics of the major fungal agents of human and animal Sporotrichosis: Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis

Abstract Background The fungal genus Sporothrix includes at least four human pathogenic species. One of these species, S. brasiliensis, is the causal agent of a major ongoing zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis in Brazil. Elsewhere, sapronoses are caused by S. schenckii and S. globosa. The major aims on this comparative genomic study are: 1) to explore the presence of virulence factors in S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis; 2) to compare S. brasiliensis, which is cat-transmitted and infects both humans and cats with S. schenckii, mainly a human pathogen; 3) to compare these two species to other human pathogens (Onygenales) with similar thermo-dimorphic behavior and to other plant-associated Sordariomycetes. Results The genomes of S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis were pyrosequenced to 17x and 20x coverage comprising a total of 32.3 Mb and 33.2 Mb, respectively. Pair-wise genome alignments revealed that the two species are highly syntenic showing 97.5% average sequence identity. Phylogenomic analysis reveals that both species diverged about 3.8-4.9 MYA suggesting a recent event of speciation. Transposable elements comprise respectively 0.34% and 0.62% of the S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis genomes and expansions of Gypsy-like elements was observed reflecting the accumulation of repetitive elements in the S. brasiliensis genome. Mitochondrial genomic comparisons showed the presence of group-I intron encoding homing endonucleases (HE’s) exclusively in S. brasiliensis. Analysis of protein family expansions and contractions in the Sporothrix lineage revealed expansion of LysM domain-containing proteins, small GTPases, PKS type1 and leucin-rich proteins. In contrast, a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes that are associated with decay of plants was observed when compared to other Sordariomycetes and dimorphic fungal pathogens, suggesting evolutionary adaptations from a plant pathogenic or saprobic to an animal pathogenic life style. Conclusions Comparative genomic data suggest a unique ecological shift in the Sporothrix lineage from plant-association to mammalian parasitism, which contributes to the understanding of how environmental interactions may shape fungal virulence. . Moreover, the striking differences found in comparison with other dimorphic fungi revealed that dimorphism in these close relatives of plant-associated Sordariomycetes is a case of convergent evolution, stressing the importance of this morphogenetic change in fungal pathogenesis