Selection of attractive food sources and toxicity of insecticides in tomato fruit borer management

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a preferência alimentar, o limiar de ingestão e o efeito tóxico de inseticidas associados a atrativos, em adultos de Neoleucinodes elegantalis. Foram testados os atrativos: melado e mel a 10%, extrato hexânico de frutos verdes de tomate a 0,4%, sacarose a 5%, suco de laranja e suco de uva a 30%, vinagre de vinho tinto a 10% e proteína hidrolisada a 5%. Com base no teste de preferência alimentar, foram selecionados os atrativos sacarose, melado, mel e suco de laranja, para determinar o limiar de concentração capaz de estimular a alimentação de adultos de N. elegantalis. Foi testado o efeito tóxico de inseticidas associados ao mel a 10%. A sacarose e o mel apresentaram o melhor resultado em relação ao número de pousos e ao tempo de pouso e de alimentação de adultos de N. elegantalis. Os inseticidas não afetaram negativamente a atração pelo alimento dos adultos de N. elegantalis. Carbaril, cartape, deltametrina, fenpropatrina, indoxacarbe, lambda-cialotrina e lufenurom provocaram 100% de mortalidade em adultos (machos + fêmeas), após 24 horas de exposição, e mostraram-se promissores para o uso em iscas tóxicas.This work aimed at evaluating the food preference, the threshold of food intake and the toxic effect of insecticides associated with attractive food sources on adults of Neoleucinodes elegantalis. The following attractive food sources were tested: molasses and honey at 10%, hexanic extract of green tomato fruits at 0.4%, sucrose at 5%, orange and grape juice at 30%, red wine vinegar at 10%, and hydrolyzed protein at 5% concentration. Based on the food preference test, sucrose, molasses, honey, and orange juice were selected to determine the threshold concentration capable of stimulating feeding in N. elegantalis adults. The toxic effect of insecticides added to honey at 10% was also tested. Sucrose and honey had the best results in terms of number of landings, landing time, and feeding time of adults of N. elegantalis. The insecticides did not affect negatively the attraction of N. elegantalis adults to the food sources. Carbaryl, cartap, deltamethrin, fenpropatrin, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, and lufenuron caused 100% mortality of adults (males and females), after 24 hours of exposure, which suggests that they are promising for use in toxic baits

First record of the soybean stem fly Melanagromyza sojae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in the Brazilian Savannah

The soybean stem fly [Melanagromyza sojae (Diptera: Agromyzidae)] is a pest widely distributed in the Asian continent. In Brazil, its occurrence has been reported since the 1980s, but it had not been reported in Brazilian Savannah areas yet. This is the first record of M. sojae in this region of great importance for the soybean world production. Specimens of the soybean stem fly were collected in a volunteer soybean area, in April 2018, in the Goiás state, Brazil, and sent for molecular identification. The similarity index of the collected specimens with M. sojae was higher than 99 %, thus confirming the identification of the species. The infestation level in the collection area was approximately 100 % of plants with damage caused by this insect. In Brazil, the occurrence of M. sojae, up to the present time, had been described as restricted to the southern states. This record raises the hypothesis that M. sojae is widespread in other agricultural areas of the Brazilian Savannah, and that its dissemination is favored by the maintenance of volunteer soybean

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Temporal and spatial variation in the risk of failure of chemical control of Tuta absoluta

A resistência a inseticidas é a principal causa de falhas de controle da traça do tomateiro Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). No manejo da resistência é importante conhecer os fatores que influenciam a suscetibilidade da praga aos inseticidas. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi monitorar a suscetibilidade de T. absoluta a inseticidas nos principais biomas de cultivo de tomate no Brasil e determinar a influência dos elementos climáticos e relevo na variação temporal e espacial da suscetibilidade a inseticidas. Foram usadas 20 populações, sendo sete populações do bioma Cerrado e 13 da Mata Atlântica. Estas populações foram coletadas nas safras de 2000, 2004 e 2007. Os inseticidas usados foram o inibidor respiratório clorfenapir, os neurotóxicos abamectina, bifentrina, espinosade e indoxacarbe e os reguladores de crescimento teflubenzurom e triflumurom. A maioria das populações de T. absoluta foi suscetível a abamectina, clorfenapir e espinosade. O inverso ocorreu com a bifentrina, teflubenzurom e triflumurom. A suscetibilidade das populações brasileiras de T. absoluta foram variáveis no tempo e no espaço ao indoxacarbe. As populações T. absoluta do Cerrado foram menos suscetíveis à abamectina e indoxacarbe quando comparadas às populações da Mata Atlântica. Em locais de clima seco, quente e ensolarado foi maior o risco de desenvolvimento de resistência de T. absoluta aos inseticidas. Em relevo plano e em cultivos posicionados na direção dos ventos foram maiores os riscos da dispersão de T. absoluta e de propagação da sua resistência a inseticidas, como ocorreu no bioma do Cerrado brasileiro.The resistance to insecticides is the main cause of control failure the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). In resistance management is important to know how factors that influence the susceptibility of the pest to insecticides. Thus, the purpose of this study was monitoring the susceptibility of T. absoluta to insecticides in the major biomes of tomato cultivation in Brazil and the influence of climatic elements and relief in spatial and temporal variation to susceptibility to insecticides. We used 20 populations, seven this populations of the Brazilian savannah and 13 of Atlantic forest. These populations were collected in the harvests of 2000, 2004 and 2007. The insecticides used were respiratory inhibitor chlorfenapyr, neurotoxic abamectin, bifenthrin, spinosad and indoxacarb, and growth regulators teflubenzuron triflumuron. Most populations of T. absoluta was susceptible to abamectin, and spinosad chlorfenapyr. The susceptibility of Brazilian populations of T. absoluta was variable in time and space to indoxacarb. Populations T. absoluta of Brazilian savannah is less susceptible to abamectin and indoxacarb in compared to the populations of the Atlantic. In dry climates hot and sunny was the greatest risk of developing resistance to T. absoluta insecticides. In relief and cultured positioned in wind direction were higher risks of dispersion of T. absoluta and propagation of its resistance to insecticides, as occurred in the Brazilian savannah biome.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Identification of phenolic compounds and biologically related activities from Ocotea odorifera aqueous extract leaves

Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer is popularly used as food and flavoring. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the aqueous extract from O. odorifera leaves and evaluate the correlation of their phytochemical composition and biological activities. The antioxidant effect was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, β-carotene-linoleic acid and lipid peroxidation assays; the antibacterial activity was evaluated by the hole plate and MIC techniques and the antimutagenic activity was evaluated by the Ames test. Identification of phytochemicals was performed by LC–ESI/MS and the correlation between the phytochemical composition of the extract and the evaluated activities. The results allowed the identification of 13 phenolic compounds in the extract that exhibited high antioxidant activity and moderate antibacterial and antimutagenic action. Statistical analyses showed correlation of the total phenolic content with biologically related activities. The phytochemical analyses, together with the biological results, support the popular use of O. odorifera