Nutrient and bioactive substance contents of edible plants grown naturally in Salıpazarı (Samsun)

This study was carried out for the determination of nutrient and bioactive substance contents of edible wild plants consumed as vegetables in Samsun’s Salıpazarı district during September 2014 and August 2016 period. In the selected villages from identified locations, 11 species that naturally grow and are consumed as vegetables such as Alcea apterocarpa Boiss., Rumex crispus L., Urtica dioica L., Trachystemon orientalis L., Oenanthe pimpinelloides L., Smilax excelsa L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Aegopodium podagraria L., Arum italicum Miller, Ornithogalum sigmoideum Freyn et. Sint. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. have been identified. Protein, proline, free amino acid, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lipid peroxidation level (MDA), glucose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrate, chlorophyll, total carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene, flavonoids, and anthocyanins contents of these plants were determined as 32.79–106.40 mg/g dry weight (DW), 5.71–47.66 µmol/g DW, 29.62–61.75 µg/g DW, 82.75–240.06 IU/mg protein, 106.36–531.05 µmol/g DW, 31.96–87.24 mg/100 g DW, 10.97–25.49 mg/100 g DW, 174.3–422.2 mg/100 g DW, 7.79–25.96 mg/100 g DW, 102.01–436.93 µg/100 g DW, 115.86–459.64 µg/100 g DW, 6.38–30.28 mg/100 g DW and 10.17– 21.52 mg/100 g DW, respectively. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that there were significant differences (P < 0.01) in terms of all parameters examined among species

Changes in chemical compositions of substrates before and after Ganoderma lucidum cultivation

After the commercial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, that is becoming increasingly popular because of its valuable medicinal effects, a large amount of Ganoderma spent substrate (GSS) remains as a residual material. It is important to identify differences in the chemical compositions among GSS to indicate their suitability. This study was carried out to characterize and evaluate the substrates and GSS for the some chemical contents such as; pH, EC, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), macro and micro elements and C:N ratios. The substrates were prepared by the mixtures of hornbeam and oak sawdust supplemented with wheat bran in a ratio of 20% (20WB) and tea manufacture waste in different ratios (10, 15, 20 and 25%). Organic C, C:N and pH values decreased in GSS, while N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn contents increased. EC and pH values of GSS varied between 1.13 and 2.33 dS m(-1), and 5.14 and 5.69, respectively. GSS was found rich in all investigated mineral nutrients. The highest increases in all nutrient contents were generally determined in hornbeam sawdust with 20TW spent substrate. Initial mineral composition of the wastes influenced the mineral composition of the substrates and spent substrates

Smoking Behaviors and Viewpoints of Smoking by Erciyes University, Faculty of Theology Students

TARAMASCOPUSTARAMAPUBMEDWOS:000652456900021TARAMAWOSReligious beliefs and attitudes contribute to a healthy life by helping individuals avoiding negative behaviors that can affect health. In this respect, clergymen can play an important role in smoking control by being models for the society. This study was conducted to evaluate smoking situations and views on cigarette use by Erciyes University, Faculty of Theology students. In this cross-sectional descriptive research, a questionnaire was conducted with the first and last year students studying in the Faculty of Theology (305). 88.2% of the students (97.0% of the women and 69.6% of the men) have never smoked; 6.9% of them (3.0% freshmen/16.0% senior students) still smoke and 4.9% of them have quit smoking. 81.0% of the smokers have thought of quitting smoking and 47.6% of them have tried to quit smoking. 70.6% of those thinking of quitting smoking stated that religion is motivating their thought of quitting smoking. 73.8% of the students expressed that religious sensitivity could affect smoking, 54.4% stated that smoking was an abomination to religion and 43.3% expressed that religion totally forbids smoking. Some measures need to be taken for fight against smoking, a global and preventable problem. Countries make legislative regulations to solve this problem and in addition to this, individuals such as clergymen and educators should also be mindful for the solution of this problem. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Strong population structure in a species manipulated by humans since the Neolithic: The European fallow deer (Dama dama dama)

Species that have been translocated and otherwise manipulated by humans may show patterns of population structure that reflect those interactions. At the same time, natural processes shape populations, including behavioural characteristics like dispersal potential and breeding system. In Europe, a key factor is the geography and history of climate change through the Pleistocene. During glacial maxima throughout that period, species in Europe with temperate distributions were forced south, becoming distributed among the isolated peninsulas represented by Anatolia, Italy and Iberia. Understanding modern patterns of diversity depends on understanding these historical population dynamics. Traditionally, European fallow deer (Dama dama dama) are thought to have been restricted to refugia in Anatolia and possibly Sicily and the Balkans. However, the distribution of this species was also greatly influenced by human-mediated translocations. We focus on fallow deer to better understand the relative influence of these natural and anthropogenic processes. We compared modern fallow deer putative populations across a broad geographic range using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA loci. The results revealed highly insular populations, depauperate of genetic variation and significantly differentiated from each other. This is consistent with the expectations of drift acting on populations founded by small numbers of individuals, and reflects known founder populations in the north. However, there was also evidence for differentiation among (but not within) physically isolated regions in the south, including Iberia. In those regions we find evidence for a stronger influence from natural processes than may be expected for a species with such strong, known anthropogenic influence