21 research outputs found

    Record d'altitude pour la couleuvre loup, Lycodon aulicus (L., 1758) sur l'Ăźle de La RĂ©union (Squamata : Colubridae)

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    Le 22 mai 2013, lors d’une sortie de terrain conduite par les agents du Parc national de La RĂ©union visant Ă  suivre une population de gecko vert de Bourbon (Phelsuma borbonica Mertens, 1966), une couleuvre loup a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverte au niveau du site du MaĂŻdo (commune de Saint-Paul), Ă  2215 mĂštres d’altitude

    Corrosion mechanism of a Ni-based alloy in supercritical water: Impact of surface plastic deformation

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    Ni–Fe–Cr alloys are expected to be a candidate material for the generation IV nuclear reactors that use supercritical water at temperatures up to 600 °C and pressures of 25 MPa. The corrosion resistance of Alloy 690 in these extreme conditions was studied considering the surface finish of the alloy. The oxide scale could suffer from dissolution or from internal oxidation. The presence of a work-hardened zone reveals the competition between the selective oxidation of chromium with respect to the oxidation of nickel and iron. Finally, corrosion mechanisms for Ni based alloys are proposed considering the effects of plastically deformed surfaces and the dissolution

    Corrosion mechanisms of 316L stainless steel in supercritical water: The significant effect of work hardening induced by surface finishes

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    The oxidation of 316 L stainless steel in hydrogenated supercritical water at 600 °C is strongly dependent on the effects of work hardening induced by surface finishes. The oxide scale formed under these conditions is always double-layered with an external layer of Fe-rich oxides. However, when a hardening threshold is reached, a switch in oxidation mechanisms leads to a considerable thinning of the oxide scale. This thinning results from the formation of a Cr-rich internal oxide layer that acts as a diffusion barrier against ionic species responsible for its growth but also against Fe cations implied in the external layer growth

    Corrosion en eau supercitrique : Apport à la compréhension des mécanismes pour des alliages Fe-Ni-Cr de structure c.f.c

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    Supercritical water can be use as a high pressure coolant in order to improve the thermodynamic efficiency of power plants. For nuclear concept, lifetime is an important safety parameter for materials. Thus materials selection criteria concern high temperature yield stress, creep resistance, resistance to irradiation embrittlement and also to both uniform corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.This study aims for supplying a new insight on uniform corrosion mechanism of Fe-Ni-Cr f.c.c. alloys in deaerated supercritical water at 600°C and 25MPa. Corrosion tests were performed on 316L and 690 alloys as sample autoclaves taking into account the effect of surface finishes. Morphologies, compositions and crystallographic structure of the oxides were determined using FEG scanning electron microscopy, glow discharge spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. If supercritical water is expected to have a gas-like behaviour in the test conditions, the results show a significant dissolution of the alloy species. Thus the corrosion in supercritical water can be considered similar to corrosion in under-critical water assuming the higher temperature and its effect on the solid state diffusion. For alloy 690, the protective oxide layer formed on polished surface consists of a chromia film topped with an iron and nickel mixed chromite or spinel. The double oxide layer formed on 316L steel seems less protective with an outer porous layer of magnetite and an inhomogeneous Cr-rich inner layer. For each alloy, the study of the inner protective scale growth mechanisms by marker or tracer experiments reveals that diffusion in the oxide scale is governed by an anionic process. However, surface finishes impact deeply the growth mechanisms. Comparisons between the results for the steel suggest that there is a competition between the oxidation of iron and chromium in supercritical water. Sufficient available chromium is required in order to form a thin oxide layer. Highly deformed or ultra fine microstructure surfaces lead to thin chromium rich oxide layers thanks to either diffusion short circuiting or increasing Cr oxide nucleation site. The nature of the surface is a determining factor in the steel instance. The same parameter breeds different effects for the Ni-based alloy. Machined surfaces lead to internal oxidation on alloy 690 even if a thin Cr and Mn rich oxide scale is formed. Competitive diffusion of oxygen and Cr species through the diffusion short circuit paths of the alloy is suggested. This work proposes oxide growth mechanisms for each case. Finally the conditions leading to the formation of chromium-rich protective oxide films in supercritical water are discussed.L’eau supercritique peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e comme caloporteur Ă  haute pression pour amĂ©liorer le rendement des centrales Ă©lectriques. Pour un concept de rĂ©acteur nuclĂ©aire, la durĂ©e de vie des matĂ©riaux est un paramĂštre important en termes de sĂ©curitĂ©. Par consĂ©quent, les critĂšres de sĂ©lection des matĂ©riaux pour un concept de rĂ©acteur Ă  l’eau supercritique concernent les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques Ă  haute tempĂ©rature pour une bonne tenue au fluage et Ă  l’irradiation mais Ă©galement une rĂ©sistance Ă  la corrosion gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e et Ă  la corrosion sous contrainte. Ce travail Ă  pour objectif d’amĂ©liorer la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes de corrosion en eau supercritique Ă  600°C et 25 MPa pour des alliages c.f.c contenant du fer, du nickel et du chrome. Des essais de corrosion ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s sur des autoclaves Ă©chantillons d’alliages 316L et 690 en prenant en compte l’état de surface. Les couches d’oxydes formĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites en termes de morphologie, de composition et de structure, aprĂšs caractĂ©risations par microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă  balayage, par spectroscopie Ă  dĂ©charge luminescente et par diffraction des rayons X. Si un comportement de type gazeux de l’eau supercritique est attendu dans les conditions d’essai, les rĂ©sultats montrent une dissolution significative de certains Ă©lĂ©ments de l’alliage. Par consĂ©quent, la corrosion en eau supercritique peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme similaire Ă  la corrosion aqueuse avec un effet de la tempĂ©rature qui peut influencer la diffusion en phase solide par exemple. Pour l’alliage 690, la couche d’oxyde protectrice formĂ©e sur une surface polie est composĂ©e de chromine et surmontĂ©e d’un chromite ou d’un spinelle mixte de nickel et de fer. La double couche d’oxyde formĂ©e sur une surface de mĂȘme finition pour l’alliage 316L semble moins protectrice. La couche externe de magnĂ©tite est poreuse et la couche interne riche en chrome est non homogĂšne. Pour chaque alliage, l’étude des mĂ©canismes de diffusion, grĂące Ă  des expĂ©riences utilisant des marqueurs ou des traceurs, rĂ©vĂšle une croissance de la couche d’oxyde contrĂŽlĂ©e par un processus anionique. Cependant, l’état de surface influence fortement les mĂ©canismes de formation des couches d’oxyde. La comparaison des rĂ©sultats sur l’acier suggĂšre qu’il y a une concurrence entre l’oxydation du fer et celle du chrome. Une quantitĂ© suffisante de chrome est nĂ©cessaire pour former une fine couche d’oxyde protectrice. Les surfaces trĂšs dĂ©formĂ©es ou Ă  microstructure Ă  grains trĂšs fins conduisent Ă  des fines couches d’oxyde de chrome, grĂące Ă  une forte densitĂ© de site de germination ou grĂące aux courts-circuits de diffusion du chrome. L’état de surface est donc dĂ©terminant pour l’acier mais le mĂȘme paramĂštre engendre des effets diffĂ©rents pour l’alliage Ă  base de nickel. Les surfaces usinĂ©es deviennent sensibles Ă  une oxydation interne du chrome, mĂȘme si une fine couche d’oxyde continue et riche en chrome et manganĂšse se forme. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne suggĂšre une diffusion accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e concurrentielle entre l’oxygĂšne et le chrome. Pour conclure, ce travail propose un mĂ©canisme de croissance de la couche d’oxyde dans chaque cas et discute des conditions favorables Ă  la formation d’une couche d’oxyde protectrice riche en chrome dans l’optique d’une application au rĂ©acteur Ă  eau supercritique

    Mechanism study of c.f.c Fe-Ni-Cr alloy corrosion in supercritical water

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    L’eau supercritique peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e comme caloporteur Ă  haute pression pour amĂ©liorer le rendement des centrales Ă©lectriques. Pour un concept de rĂ©acteur nuclĂ©aire, la durĂ©e de vie des matĂ©riaux est un paramĂštre important en termes de sĂ©curitĂ©. Par consĂ©quent, les critĂšres de sĂ©lection des matĂ©riaux pour un concept de rĂ©acteur Ă  l’eau supercritique concernent les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques Ă  haute tempĂ©rature pour une bonne tenue au fluage et Ă  l’irradiation mais Ă©galement une rĂ©sistance Ă  la corrosion gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e et Ă  la corrosion sous contrainte. Ce travail Ă  pour objectif d’amĂ©liorer la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes de corrosion en eau supercritique Ă  600°C et 25 MPa pour des alliages c.f.c contenant du fer, du nickel et du chrome. Des essais de corrosion ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s sur des autoclaves Ă©chantillons d’alliages 316L et 690 en prenant en compte l’état de surface. Les couches d’oxydes formĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites en termes de morphologie, de composition et de structure, aprĂšs caractĂ©risations par microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă  balayage, par spectroscopie Ă  dĂ©charge luminescente et par diffraction des rayons X. Si un comportement de type gazeux de l’eau supercritique est attendu dans les conditions d’essai, les rĂ©sultats montrent une dissolution significative de certains Ă©lĂ©ments de l’alliage. Par consĂ©quent, la corrosion en eau supercritique peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme similaire Ă  la corrosion aqueuse avec un effet de la tempĂ©rature qui peut influencer la diffusion en phase solide par exemple. Pour l’alliage 690, la couche d’oxyde protectrice formĂ©e sur une surface polie est composĂ©e de chromine et surmontĂ©e d’un chromite ou d’un spinelle mixte de nickel et de fer. La double couche d’oxyde formĂ©e sur une surface de mĂȘme finition pour l’alliage 316L semble moins protectrice. La couche externe de magnĂ©tite est poreuse et la couche interne riche en chrome est non homogĂšne. Pour chaque alliage, l’étude des mĂ©canismes de diffusion, grĂące Ă  des expĂ©riences utilisant des marqueurs ou des traceurs, rĂ©vĂšle une croissance de la couche d’oxyde contrĂŽlĂ©e par un processus anionique. Cependant, l’état de surface influence fortement les mĂ©canismes de formation des couches d’oxyde. La comparaison des rĂ©sultats sur l’acier suggĂšre qu’il y a une concurrence entre l’oxydation du fer et celle du chrome. Une quantitĂ© suffisante de chrome est nĂ©cessaire pour former une fine couche d’oxyde protectrice. Les surfaces trĂšs dĂ©formĂ©es ou Ă  microstructure Ă  grains trĂšs fins conduisent Ă  des fines couches d’oxyde de chrome, grĂące Ă  une forte densitĂ© de site de germination ou grĂące aux courts-circuits de diffusion du chrome. L’état de surface est donc dĂ©terminant pour l’acier mais le mĂȘme paramĂštre engendre des effets diffĂ©rents pour l’alliage Ă  base de nickel. Les surfaces usinĂ©es deviennent sensibles Ă  une oxydation interne du chrome, mĂȘme si une fine couche d’oxyde continue et riche en chrome et manganĂšse se forme. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne suggĂšre une diffusion accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e concurrentielle entre l’oxygĂšne et le chrome. Pour conclure, ce travail propose un mĂ©canisme de croissance de la couche d’oxyde dans chaque cas et discute des conditions favorables Ă  la formation d’une couche d’oxyde protectrice riche en chrome dans l’optique d’une application au rĂ©acteur Ă  eau supercritique.Supercritical water can be use as a high pressure coolant in order to improve the thermodynamic efficiency of power plants. For nuclear concept, lifetime is an important safety parameter for materials. Thus materials selection criteria concern high temperature yield stress, creep resistance, resistance to irradiation embrittlement and also to both uniform corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.This study aims for supplying a new insight on uniform corrosion mechanism of Fe-Ni-Cr f.c.c. alloys in deaerated supercritical water at 600°C and 25MPa. Corrosion tests were performed on 316L and 690 alloys as sample autoclaves taking into account the effect of surface finishes. Morphologies, compositions and crystallographic structure of the oxides were determined using FEG scanning electron microscopy, glow discharge spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. If supercritical water is expected to have a gas-like behaviour in the test conditions, the results show a significant dissolution of the alloy species. Thus the corrosion in supercritical water can be considered similar to corrosion in under-critical water assuming the higher temperature and its effect on the solid state diffusion. For alloy 690, the protective oxide layer formed on polished surface consists of a chromia film topped with an iron and nickel mixed chromite or spinel. The double oxide layer formed on 316L steel seems less protective with an outer porous layer of magnetite and an inhomogeneous Cr-rich inner layer. For each alloy, the study of the inner protective scale growth mechanisms by marker or tracer experiments reveals that diffusion in the oxide scale is governed by an anionic process. However, surface finishes impact deeply the growth mechanisms. Comparisons between the results for the steel suggest that there is a competition between the oxidation of iron and chromium in supercritical water. Sufficient available chromium is required in order to form a thin oxide layer. Highly deformed or ultra fine microstructure surfaces lead to thin chromium rich oxide layers thanks to either diffusion short circuiting or increasing Cr oxide nucleation site. The nature of the surface is a determining factor in the steel instance. The same parameter breeds different effects for the Ni-based alloy. Machined surfaces lead to internal oxidation on alloy 690 even if a thin Cr and Mn rich oxide scale is formed. Competitive diffusion of oxygen and Cr species through the diffusion short circuit paths of the alloy is suggested. This work proposes oxide growth mechanisms for each case. Finally the conditions leading to the formation of chromium-rich protective oxide films in supercritical water are discussed

    Corrosion en eau supercitrique (Apport à la compréhension des mécanismes pour des alliages Fe-Ni-Cr de structure c.f.c)

    No full text
    L eau supercritique peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e comme caloporteur Ă  haute pression pour amĂ©liorer le rendement des centrales Ă©lectriques. Pour un concept de rĂ©acteur nuclĂ©aire, la durĂ©e de vie des matĂ©riaux est un paramĂštre important en termes de sĂ©curitĂ©. Par consĂ©quent, les critĂšres de sĂ©lection des matĂ©riaux pour un concept de rĂ©acteur Ă  l eau supercritique concernent les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques Ă  haute tempĂ©rature pour une bonne tenue au fluage et Ă  l irradiation mais Ă©galement une rĂ©sistance Ă  la corrosion gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e et Ă  la corrosion sous contrainte. Ce travail Ă  pour objectif d amĂ©liorer la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes de corrosion en eau supercritique Ă  600C et 25 MPa pour des alliages c.f.c contenant du fer, du nickel et du chrome. Des essais de corrosion ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s sur des autoclaves Ă©chantillons d alliages 316L et 690 en prenant en compte l Ă©tat de surface. Les couches d oxydes formĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites en termes de morphologie, de composition et de structure, aprĂšs caractĂ©risations par microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă  balayage, par spectroscopie Ă  dĂ©charge luminescente et par diffraction des rayons X. Si un comportement de type gazeux de l eau supercritique est attendu dans les conditions d essai, les rĂ©sultats montrent une dissolution significative de certains Ă©lĂ©ments de l alliage. Par consĂ©quent, la corrosion en eau supercritique peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme similaire Ă  la corrosion aqueuse avec un effet de la tempĂ©rature qui peut influencer la diffusion en phase solide par exemple. Pour l alliage 690, la couche d oxyde protectrice formĂ©e sur une surface polie est composĂ©e de chromine et surmontĂ©e d un chromite ou d un spinelle mixte de nickel et de fer. La double couche d oxyde formĂ©e sur une surface de mĂȘme finition pour l alliage 316L semble moins protectrice. La couche externe de magnĂ©tite est poreuse et la couche interne riche en chrome est non homogĂšne. Pour chaque alliage, l Ă©tude des mĂ©canismes de diffusion, grĂące Ă  des expĂ©riences utilisant des marqueurs ou des traceurs, rĂ©vĂšle une croissance de la couche d oxyde contrĂŽlĂ©e par un processus anionique. Cependant, l Ă©tat de surface influence fortement les mĂ©canismes de formation des couches d oxyde. La comparaison des rĂ©sultats sur l acier suggĂšre qu il y a une concurrence entre l oxydation du fer et celle du chrome. Une quantitĂ© suffisante de chrome est nĂ©cessaire pour former une fine couche d oxyde protectrice. Les surfaces trĂšs dĂ©formĂ©es ou Ă  microstructure Ă  grains trĂšs fins conduisent Ă  des fines couches d oxyde de chrome, grĂące Ă  une forte densitĂ© de site de germination ou grĂące aux courts-circuits de diffusion du chrome. L Ă©tat de surface est donc dĂ©terminant pour l acier mais le mĂȘme paramĂštre engendre des effets diffĂ©rents pour l alliage Ă  base de nickel. Les surfaces usinĂ©es deviennent sensibles Ă  une oxydation interne du chrome, mĂȘme si une fine couche d oxyde continue et riche en chrome et manganĂšse se forme. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne suggĂšre une diffusion accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e concurrentielle entre l oxygĂšne et le chrome. Pour conclure, ce travail propose un mĂ©canisme de croissance de la couche d oxyde dans chaque cas et discute des conditions favorables Ă  la formation d une couche d oxyde protectrice riche en chrome dans l optique d une application au rĂ©acteur Ă  eau supercritique.Supercritical water can be use as a high pressure coolant in order to improve the thermodynamic efficiency of power plants. For nuclear concept, lifetime is an important safety parameter for materials. Thus materials selection criteria concern high temperature yield stress, creep resistance, resistance to irradiation embrittlement and also to both uniform corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.This study aims for supplying a new insight on uniform corrosion mechanism of Fe-Ni-Cr f.c.c. alloys in deaerated supercritical water at 600C and 25MPa. Corrosion tests were performed on 316L and 690 alloys as sample autoclaves taking into account the effect of surface finishes. Morphologies, compositions and crystallographic structure of the oxides were determined using FEG scanning electron microscopy, glow discharge spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. If supercritical water is expected to have a gas-like behaviour in the test conditions, the results show a significant dissolution of the alloy species. Thus the corrosion in supercritical water can be considered similar to corrosion in under-critical water assuming the higher temperature and its effect on the solid state diffusion. For alloy 690, the protective oxide layer formed on polished surface consists of a chromia film topped with an iron and nickel mixed chromite or spinel. The double oxide layer formed on 316L steel seems less protective with an outer porous layer of magnetite and an inhomogeneous Cr-rich inner layer. For each alloy, the study of the inner protective scale growth mechanisms by marker or tracer experiments reveals that diffusion in the oxide scale is governed by an anionic process. However, surface finishes impact deeply the growth mechanisms. Comparisons between the results for the steel suggest that there is a competition between the oxidation of iron and chromium in supercritical water. Sufficient available chromium is required in order to form a thin oxide layer. Highly deformed or ultra fine microstructure surfaces lead to thin chromium rich oxide layers thanks to either diffusion short circuiting or increasing Cr oxide nucleation site. The nature of the surface is a determining factor in the steel instance. The same parameter breeds different effects for the Ni-based alloy. Machined surfaces lead to internal oxidation on alloy 690 even if a thin Cr and Mn rich oxide scale is formed. Competitive diffusion of oxygen and Cr species through the diffusion short circuit paths of the alloy is suggested. This work proposes oxide growth mechanisms for each case. Finally the conditions leading to the formation of chromium-rich protective oxide films in supercritical water are discussed.PARIS-CNAM (751032301) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Economic performance optimization of a hybrid PV-BESS power generator: a case study la RĂ©union island

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    International audienceThis paper proposes an economic performance optimization strategy for a PV plant coupled with a battery energy storage system (BESS). The case study of La Reunion Island, a non-interconnected zone (NIZ) with a high level of renewable energy sources (RES), is considered. This last decade, to reach the ambitious target of electricity autonomy by 2030 set by the local authorities, local and national plans have been launched to promote RES integration that led to a noticeable development of photovoltaic (PV) systems. To avoid a decrease of the grid reliability due to a large integration of intermittent energy sources into a non-interconnected grid, the authorities have introduced new regulatory rules for RES producers. The proposed optimization strategy relies on a these new regulatory rules and takes into account the energy market data, the amount of PV production subject to penalties for imbalance, the batteries and the PV technological characteristics together with a PV production forecast model. The effectiveness and relevance of the proposed strategy are assessed on experimental data collected on a real PV power plant. An economical analysis demonstrates that the proposed optimization strategy is able to fulfill the new regulatory rules requirements while increasing the economic performance of the system

    Adhesion forces of radioactive particles measured by the Aerodynamic Method–Validation with Atomic Force Microscopy and comparison with adhesion models

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    International audienceMedian adhesion forces of tritiated tungsten micro-particles deposited on a glass substrate were successfully determined using an aerodynamic method (AM) which is presented in this paper. The original aerodynamic device built for these experiments has been carefully characterized in terms of friction velocities allowing to quantify aerodynamic torque exerted on the particles and to deduce median adhesion forces thanks to a force balance approach. Using the same particle/surface systems (non-radioactive tungsten particles in contact with a glass substrate), distribution of adhesion forces were obtained using AFM for comparison with the AM. The results show a good agreement between the two techniques which allowed to validate the AM. Furthermore, a precise description of the root-mean square roughness (rms) distribution of the glass substrate made it possible to compare the experimental results with different analytical adhesion force models. Integrating the rms roughness distribution of the substrate into the model of Rabinovich et al. showed the best agreement with the present experiments capturing most of the adhesion forces of 10 mu m to 18 mu m diameter tungsten particles. Moreover, the method developed in this work made it possible to show that the electrostatic image force arising from the self-charging of tritiated tungsten particles has a negligible contribution in the adhesion of the particles for the studied configuration
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