Germination of pine seed in weightlessness (investigation in Kosmos 782)

An investigation was made of the orientation of aboveground and underground organs of pine plants grown from seed in weightlessness. Orientation was found to be caused by the position of the seeds relative to the substrate surface. Normal growth was manifest only for the plants grown from seed oriented with embryo toward the substrate. Differences were noted between experiment and control as to the quantitative content of nucleoli in the meristematic cells of the rootlets and the shape of cells in the cotyledonous leaflets. No complete agreement was found between data obtained in weightlessness and when gravity was compensated (clinostat treatment with horizontal rotation)

Pine seed germination under weightlessness (a study of the Kosmos 782 satellite)

Orientation of the above and underground organs of pine plants, grown from seeds under weightlessness, was found to be determined by seed position on the substrate. Normal plant growth was observed only if the seed embryos were oriented toward the substrate. Some differences were noted between the experimental and control plants concerning the amount of nucleoli in the root meristematic cells and the cell shape in cotyledonous leaves. No complete similarity was found in experimental results obtained with plants under weightlessness and under compensated gravity. The seeds were obtained from Pinus silvestris, considered to be particularly suitable for this experiment

О поворотах цифровых изображений

The images built on the basis of rectangular and hexagonal lattices are discussed in the article. For images on a rectangular lattice a formula is proposed, which gives approximate values of the components of a characteristic set of coefficients when turning at an arbitrary angle by the method of the nearest neighbor. The characteristic sets are presented in the form of diagrams, an experimental evaluation of errors is made. It was confirmed a good agreement with the predicted value component of characteristic sets and those which were obtained experimentally. For images built on the basis of a hexagonal lattice was offered a similar formula for the approximation of the components of the characteristic set for rotating at any angle, when this was applied to the modification of the nearest neighbor method for the preservation of coherence, as it was discovered its violation in some cases on a hexagonal lattice. On the basis of four-pixel fragments are built diagrams, which show a good agreement of predicted values and the obtained ones in the experiment. It was defined a system of three-pixel hexagonal fragments to which the theorem is proved on the Eulerian characteristic and were offered analytical expressions, which allow to avoid experimental detection of the characteristic sets of coefficients for all possible reference angles. Their use requires to produce only one such experiment.Рассматриваются изображения, построенные на основе прямоугольной и гексагональной решеток. Для изображений на прямоугольной решетке предложена формула, дающая приближенные значения компонент характеристического набора коэффициентов при повороте на произвольный угол по методу ближайшего соседа. Характеристические наборы представлены в виде дигарамм, произведена экспериментальная оценка погрешностей. Подтверждено хорошее соответствие предсказанных значений компонент характеристических наборов и полученных экспериментально. Для изображений, построенных на основе гексагональной решетки, предложена аналогичная формула для приближения компонент характеристического набора для поворота на произвольный угол, при этом была применена модификация метода ближайшего соседа для сохранения связности, так как обнаружилось ее нарушение в некоторых случаях на гексагональной решетке. На основе четырехпиксельных фрагментов строятся диаграммы, которые демонстрируют хорошее согласование предсказанных значений и полученных в эксперименте. Определена система трехпиксельных гексагональных фрагментов, для которой доказана теорема об эйлеровой характеристике и предложены аналитические выражения, которые позволяют избежать экспериментального нахождения характеристических наборов коэффициентов для всех возможных опорных углов. Их использование требует производить только один такой эксперимент

Materials of the final reports on the joint Soviet-American experiment on the Kosmos-936 biosatellite

Biological experiments onboard the Kosmos-936 investigated the effect of weightlessness on the basic components of cells, the genetic structure and energy apparatus. Genetic studies were made on the Drosophila melanogaster. Experiments were made on higher vegetation and fungi as well. The results indicate that weightlessness cannot be the principal barrier for normal development. An experiment with ectopic osteogenesis in weightlessness was carried out. Measurements were made of cosmic radiation inside and outside the biosatellite

О характеристическом наборе коэффициентов черно-белых цифровых изображений, построенных на основе гексагональной решетки

The concepts associated with the calculation of Euler's characteristics of images constructed on the basis of hexagonal lattices are considered. The necessary conditions for a sixteen-dimensional vector with non-negative integer components to be a characteristic set of some image are obtained.Рассмотрены понятия, связанные с вычислением эйлеровой характеристики изображений, построенных на основе гексагональной решетки. Получены необходимые условия того, чтобы шестнадцатимерный вектор с неотрицательными целыми компонентами был характеристическим набором для некоторого изображения

Интегральные близкие к эйлеровой характеристики полутоновых цифровых изображений

In works analog of Eiler characteristics for halftone images introduce by the instrumentality of integral expression. Deduced theorem allows to calculate this characteristic by summation of some function defined on halftone fragments of size 2*2. Example and computer model mentioned show that foregoing characteristic is a natural continuation of Eiler characteristics on the set of halftone images.С помощью интегрального выражения вводится аналог эйлеровой характеристики для полутоновых изображений. Получена теорема, позволяющая вычислять эту характеристику суммированием некоторой функции, определенной на полутоновых фрагментах размера 2 х 2. Приведенный пример и компьютерная модель показывают, что вышеуказанная характеристика является естественным про¬должением эйлеровой характеристики на множестве полутоновых изображений

The Tunka Experiment: Towards a 1-km^2 Cherenkov EAS Array in the Tunka Valley

The project of an EAS Cherenkov array in the Tunka valley/Siberia with an area of about 1 km^2 is presented. The new array will have a ten times bigger area than the existing Tunka-25 array and will permit a detailed study of the cosmic ray energy spectrum and the mass composition in the energy range from 10^15 to 10^18 eV.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, to be published in IJMP

Ammonia masers toward G358.931-0.030

We report the detection of ammonia masers in the non-metastable (6, 3), (7, 5) and (6, 5) transitions, the latter is the first unambiguous maser detection of that transition ever made. Our observations include the first VLBI detection of ammonia maser emission, which allowed effective constrain of the (6, 5) maser brightness temperature. The masers were detected towards G358.931-0.030, a site of 6.7-GHz class~II methanol maser emission that was recently reported to be undergoing a period of flaring activity. These ammonia masers appear to be flaring contemporaneously with the class~II methanol masers during the accretion burst event of G358.931-0.030. This newly detected site of ammonia maser emission is only the twelfth such site discovered in the Milky Way. We also report the results of an investigation into the maser pumping conditions, for all three detected masing transitions, through radiative transfer calculations constrained by our observational data. These calculations support the hypothesis that the ammonia (6, 5) maser transition is excited through high colour temperature infrared emission, with the (6, 5) and (7, 5) transition line-ratio implying dust temperatures >400K. Additionally, we detect significant linearly polarised emission from the ammonia (6, 3) maser line. Alongside our observational and radiative transfer calculation results, we also report newly derived rest frequencies for the ammonia (6, 3) and (6, 5) transitions.Comment: Accepted into MNRAS 2023 April 24. 13 pages, 5 figures, 3 table

ALMA sub-mm maser and dust distribution of VY Canis Majoris

Cool, evolved stars have copious, enriched winds. The structure of these winds and the way they are accelerated is not well known. We need to improve our understanding by studying the dynamics from the pulsating stellar surface to about 10 stellar radii, where radiation pressure on dust is fully effective. Some red supergiants have highly asymmetric nebulae, implicating additional forces. We retrieved ALMA Science Verification data providing images of sub-mm line and continuum emission from VY CMa. This enables us to locate water masers with milli-arcsec precision and resolve the dusty continuum. The 658-, 321- and 325-GHz masers lie in irregular, thick shells at increasing distances from the centre of expansion. For the first time this is confirmed as the stellar position, coinciding with a compact peak offset to the NW of the brightest continuum emission. The maser shells (and dust formation zone) overlap but avoid each other on tens-au scales. Their distribution is broadly consistent with excitation models but the conditions and kinematics appear to be complicated by wind collisions, clumping and asymmetries.Comment: Letter 4 pages, 5 figures plus appendix with 3 figures. Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics Letter

Расстояния и другие меры близости на множестве черно-белых цифровых изображений

In the paper is formulated series of functions in a set of pairs of black-and-white digital images. Series of functions are either distance or distance analogue. This functions allows, on the one hand, to solve a problem of discerning images, and on the other hand, to measure similarity. Applications of this approach to textures are examined.Строится серия функций на множестве пар черно-белых цифровых изображений, являющихся либо расстоянием, либо аналогом расстояния. Предложенные функции позволяют, с одной стороны, решать задачи различения изображений, а с другой стороны, дают некую меру сходства. Рассмотрены прило¬жения такого подхода к текстурам