An endpoint Littlewood-Paley inequality for BVP associated with the Laplacian on Lipschitz domains

We prove a commutator inequality of Littlewood-Paley type between partial derivatives and functions of the Laplacian on a Lipschitz domain which gives interior energy estimates for some BVP. It can be seen as an endpoint inequality for a family of energy estimates

On the stability of global solutions to Navier–Stokes equations in the space

AbstractWe show that the global solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations in R3 with data in VMO−1 which belong to the space defined by Koch and Tataru are stable, in the sense that they vanish at infinity (in time), that they depend analytically on their data, and that the set of Cauchy data giving rise to such a solution is open in the BMO−1 topology. We then study the case of more regular data

Performance, development and use of Romanov in France

The Romanov (R) breed was imported to France in 1963. In 1987, there were 15000 purebred and 80000 FI ewes. The ewes have a high precocity and good adaptability to breeding season changes. Litter size (LS) is about 2.2 at 18 months and over 3 in adults, resulting from a high ovulation rate (OR) and a reduced embryonic mortality (EM). OR is less variable, but LS as variable as in other breeds. There are 0.8—1.9 % freemartins. In ewe lambs, the heritabilities of OR, EM and LS are 0.39, 0.09 and 0.02, resp. R has a favourable direct effect on lamb viability. Heterosis is high on fertility in ewe lambs, but less on OR and LS, favourable on lamb viability. The lack of performance regression from F1 to F4 in crosses with Berrichon du Cher has allowed the creation of a composite line (INRA 401), used on farms. Ewes suckle a maximum of twins. Lambs grow fast but have a low carcass and meat quality. A good viability of crossbred lambs and a good productivity of F1 ewes have been observed both in intensive and extensive conditions. In extensive system, R ewes are relatively susceptible to gastro-intestinal parasitism but are resistant to hepatic or pulmonary parasitism. R lambs seem to be susceptible to caseous lymphadenitis. Favourable results have been obtained with regard to prolificacy of F1 or ¼ R ewes and viability of lambs in six other European countries, but an unfavourable effect of heavy summer heat on male activity and female fertility. Composite lines have been created in Spain and Hungary

Time Scale Approach for Chirp Detection

International audienceTwo different approaches for joint detection and estimation of signals embedded in stationary random noise are considered and compared, for the subclass of amplitude and frequency modulated signals. Matched filter approaches are compared to time-frequency and time scale based approaches. Particular attention is paid to the case of the so-called " power-law chirps " , characterized by monomial and polynomial amplitude and frequency functions. As target application, the problem of gravitational waves at interferometric detectors is considered

Performance, development and use of Romanov in France

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Effect of two UV-absorbing greenhouse-covering films on growth and yield of an eggplant soilless crop

The use of UV absorbing films as greenhouse cover material is spreading out in protected cultivation. Although their effects on pest and disease management have received much attention, few studies focus on their effects on the crop. This study aims at assessing the consequences of UV absorbing film on the behaviour and production of an eggplant crop by comparing two different UV absorbing films (0 and 3% UV transmittance) to a standard polyethylene film (5% UV transmittance). Results show that the eggplants grown in the greenhouse with 0% transmission to UV light are about 21% taller and have about 17% higher leaf product (leaf length x width) than the plants grown in the greenhouse with 5% transmission to UV light. Finally, given that the production was slightly increased in quantity (20%) and quality (bigger fruits) in the greenhouse with absence of UV light compared to that with 5% transmission coefficient, it can be concluded that growing soilless eggplant under UV-absorbing material can be achieved with the same or better results as under standard covering material. Any other enhancement that the UV-absorbing film will bring (lower pest and disease impact on the crop, lower pesticide load and costs) will therefore be to the benefit of the grower. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Time-course of tomato whole-plant respiration and fruit and stem growth during prolonged darkness in relation to carbohydrate reserves

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A pragmatic approach to assess the exposure of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) when subjected to pesticide spray

Plant protection spray treatments may expose non-target organisms to pesticides. In the pesticide registration procedure, the honey bee represents one of the non-target model species for which the risk posed by pesticides must be assessed on the basis of the hazard quotient (HQ). The HQ is defined as the ratio between environmental exposure and toxicity. For the honey bee, the HQ calculation is not consistent because it corresponds to the ratio between the pesticide field rate (in mass of pesticide/ha) and LD50 (in mass of pesticide/bee). Thus, in contrast to all other species, the HQ can only be interpreted empirically because it corresponds to a number of bees/ha. This type of HQ calculation is due to the difficulty in transforming pesticide field rates into doses to which bees are exposed. In this study, we used a pragmatic approach to determine the apparent exposure surface area of honey bees submitted to pesticide treatments by spraying with a Pottertype tower. The doses received by the bees were quantified by very efficient chemical analyses, which enabled us to determine an apparent surface area of 1.05 cm2/bee. The apparent surface area was used to calculate the exposure levels of bees submitted to pesticide sprays and then to revisit the HQ ratios with a calculation mode similar to that used for all other living species. X-tomography was used to assess the physical surface area of a bee, which was 3.27 cm2/bee, and showed that the apparent exposure surface was not overestimated. The control experiments showed that the toxicity induced by doses calculated with the exposure surface area was similar to that induced by treatments according to the European testing procedure. This new approach to measure risk is more accurate and could become a tool to aid the decision-making process in the risk assessment of pesticides

Detection and quantification of boscalid and its metabolites in honeybees

Boscalid is a new-generation fungicide that has been detected in several bee matrices. The objective of this work was to characterize boscalid metabolites in honeybees based on in vivo experimentation, and next to verify the presence of theses metabolites into honeybees from colonies presenting troubles. A methodology based on complementary mass spectrometric tools, namely ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QToF) or triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ) was implemented. Honeybees were sprayed with boscalid, at field rate (to induce the metabolization process) and the parent compound with its generated metabolites were then extracted using modified EU-QuEChERS method. The mass characteristics including exact mass, isotopic profile and mass fragments allowed assuming the structure of several metabolites. Some of them were unambiguously identified by comparison with synthesized analytical standards. The metabolites were resulted from hydroxylation and dechlorination of the parent compound as well as the substitution of a chlorine atom with an hydroxyl group. The metabolites were then quantified in bee samples collected from various beehives located in France. Boscalid and three of its metabolites were present in some samples at a level ranged between 0.2 and 36.3 ng/g