246 research outputs found
Consumer satisfaction with local retail diversity in the UK: effects of supermarket access, brand variety, and social deprivation
Radial HI Profiles at the Periphery of Galactic Disks: The Role of Ionizing Background Radiation
Observations of neutral hydrogen in spiral galaxies reveal a sharp cutoff in
the radial density profile at some distance from the center. Using 22 galaxies
with known HI distributions as an example, we discuss the question of whether
this effect can be associated exclusively with external ionizing radiation, as
is commonly assumed. We show that before the surface density reaches
(the same for
galaxies of different types), it is hard to expect the gas to be fully ionized
by background radiation. For two of 13 galaxies with a sharp drop in the HI
profile, the "steepening" can actually be caused by ionization. At the same
time, for the remaining galaxies, the observed cutoff in the radial HI profile
is closer to the center than if it was a consequence of ionization by
background radiation and, therefore, it should be caused by other factors.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure
Some considerations concerning the challenge of incorporating social variables into epidemiological models of infectious disease transmission
Incorporation of ‘social’ variables into epidemiological models remains a challenge. Too much detail and models cease to be useful; too little and the very notion of infection —a highly social process in human populations—may be considered with little reference to the social. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim proposed that the scientific study of society required identification and study of ‘social currents.’ Such ‘currents’ are what we might today describe as ‘emergent properties,’ specifiable variables appertaining to individuals and groups, which represent the perspectives of social actors as they experience the environment in which they live their lives. Here we review the ways in which one particular emergent property, hope, relevant to a range of epidemiological situations, might be used in epidemiological modelling of infectious diseases in human populations. We also indicate how such an approach might be extended to include a range of other potential emergent properties to repre
Smooth HI Low Column Density Outskirts In Nearby Galaxies
This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article published in The Astronomical Journal. The Version of Record is available online at https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aabbaa.The low column density gas at the outskirts of galaxies as traced by the 21 cm hydrogen line emission (H i) represents the interface between galaxies and the intergalactic medium, i.e., where galaxies are believed to get their supply of gas to fuel future episodes of star formation. Photoionization models predict a break in the radial profiles of H i at a column density of ∼5 × 10 19 cm -2 due to the lack of self-shielding against extragalactic ionizing photons. To investigate the prevalence of such breaks in galactic disks and to characterize what determines the potential edge of the H i disks, we study the azimuthally averaged H i column density profiles of 17 nearby galaxies from the H i Nearby Galaxy Survey and supplemented in two cases with published Hydrogen Accretion in LOcal GAlaxieS data. To detect potential faint H i emission that would otherwise be undetected using conventional moment map analysis, we line up individual profiles to the same reference velocity and average them azimuthally to derive stacked radial profiles. To do so, we use model velocity fields created from a simple extrapolation of the rotation curves to align the profiles in velocity at radii beyond the extent probed with the sensitivity of traditional integrated H i maps. With this method, we improve our sensitivity to outer-disk H i emission by up to an order of magnitude. Except for a few disturbed galaxies, none show evidence of a sudden change in the slope of the H i radial profiles: the alleged signature of ionization by the extragalactic background.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio
The physical demands of Super League rugby: Experiences of a newly promoted franchise.
The physical match demands for a newly promoted European Super League (ESL) squad were analysed over a full season using global positioning systems. Players were classified into four positional groups: outside backs (OB), pivots (PIV), middle unit forwards (MUF) and wide running forwards (WRF). MUF covered less total distance (4318 ± 570 m) than WRF (6408 ± 629 m), PIV (6549 ± 853) and OB (7246 ± 333 m) (P 0.05). WRF (36 ± 5) and MUF (35 ± 6) were involved in more collisions than OB (20 ± 3) and PIV (23 ± 3; P < 0.05). The high-speed running and collision demands observed here were greater than that previously reported in the ESL, which may reflect increased demands placed on the lower ranked teams. The present data may be used to inform coaches if training provides the physical stimulus to adequately prepare their players for competition which may be especially pertinent for newly promoted franchises
Medico-legal assessment of personal damage in older people: report from a multidisciplinary consensus conference
Ageing of the global population represents a challenge for national healthcare systems and healthcare professionals, including
medico-legal experts, who assess personal damage in an increasing number of older people. Personal damage evaluation in older
people is complex, and the scarcity of evidence is hindering the development of formal guidelines on the subject. The main
objectives of the first multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on Medico-Legal Assessment of Personal Damage in Older
People were to increase knowledge on the subject and establish standard procedures in this field. The conference, organized
according to the guidelines issued by the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), was held in Bologna (Italy) on June 8, 2019
with the support of national scientific societies, professional organizations, and stakeholders. The Scientific Technical Committee
prepared 16 questions on 4 thematic areas: (1) differences in injury outcomes in older people compared to younger people and
their relevance in personal damage assessment; (2) pre-existing status reconstruction and evaluation; (3) medico-legal examination
procedures; (4) multidimensional assessment and scales. The Scientific Secretariat reviewed relevant literature and documents,
rated their quality, and summarized evidence. During conference plenary public sessions, 4 pairs of experts reported on
each thematic area. After the last session, a multidisciplinary Jury Panel (15 members) drafted the consensus statements. The
present report describes Conference methods and results, including a summary of evidence supporting each statement, and areas
requiring further investigation. The methodological recommendations issued during the Conference may be useful in several
contexts of damage assessment, or to other medico-legal evaluation fields
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and a Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) in captivity
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