PERKAWINAN EKSOGAMI PADA MASYARAKAT SUKU “ANAK DALAM” DI NAGARI BONJOL DAN BANAI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA SUMATERA BARAT

Basically, the Suku Anak Dalam marriage, abbreviated as SAD, adopts an endogamy system, where the SAD community emphasizes that the marriage is conducted by fellow SAD. However, in the end the system experienced a shift to an exogamy, so marriages between SAD and outsiders took place in Nagari Bonjol and Banai. The purpose of this study was to determine the reasons for exogamy marriages in the SAD community and to determine the resilience of ex-family marriages of SAD communities in Nagari Bonjol and Banai.This research is a field research. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. To analyze data, the authors use data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions or verification. The results of this study stated that: First, the reason for allowing exogamy marriages in the SAD community was due to the acculturation between SAD and the community which had implications for the dynamics of life and the SAD perspective. This makes SAD accept new things outside the customary provisions that have been practiced. Second, a marriage based on the word love alone is a fragile marriage. Therefore, each pair must have a strong religious foundation so that all forms of problems can be faced

Studies on Housing of Pregnant Sows in Groups and Individually

End of Project ReportIntensive methods of sow housing and their effects on health and welfare have become a topic of intense debate. In the EU the use of tethers for pregnant sows must be phased out by 2006. At pre s e n t there are no plans to ban stalls for pregnant sows. In 1997 the EU released a report on sow housing which was critical of stalls but did not recommend a ban (SVC, 1997). Some member countries have introduced more stringent legislation. The UK government has banned the use of both stalls and tethers for pregnant sows fro m January 1, 1999. Sweden has also imposed a ban on both stalls and tethers, and the Netherlands and De n m a rk have announced restrictions on when individual penning may be used. • This study included a comparison of pregnant gilts in loose housing (groups of 4) and in individual stalls from early pregnancy. Behaviour and skin lesions were monitored both during pregnancy and in the farrowing house. Stalled gilts tended to have higher skin lesion scores. Salivary cortisol levels in stalled gilts showed evidence of a chronic stress response. Loose gilts showed more distress when confined in the farrowing crate pre - f a r rowing than did gilts which had been housed in stalls in pregnancy. • Comparison of two group housing systems namely, groups of four with 3.0m2 per sow and groups of eight with 2.2m2 per sow showed a higher level of aggression in the larger group. Both treatments had free-access stalls with full length partitions but the groups of eight had a smaller communal lying area and they spent a greater proportion of their time in the stalls

The Impact of Driving Conditions on PHEV Battery Performance

The battery performance of a modified Prius with a 5 kWh plug-in battery was documented for a year to determine the impact of environmental conditions and user attributes on vehicle performance. Both fuel economy and pure electrical efficiency were compared to ambient temperature. The fuel economy has a positive relationship with ambient temperature until approximately 70˚F where the efficiency begins to drop. Electrical performance has a positive linear relationship with ambient temperature. With the emergence of electric vehicles (EVs) and PHEVs from a variety of automotive manufacturers, information on EV and PHEV performance for consumers will become more important

Prediction of Treatment Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer via Early Changes in Tumor Heterogeneity Captured by DCE-MRI Registration.

We analyzed DCE-MR images from 132 women with locally advanced breast cancer from the I-SPY1 trial to evaluate changes of intra-tumor heterogeneity for augmenting early prediction of pathologic complete response (pCR) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Utilizing image registration, voxel-wise changes including tumor deformations and changes in DCE-MRI kinetic features were computed to characterize heterogeneous changes within the tumor. Using five-fold cross-validation, logistic regression and Cox regression were performed to model pCR and RFS, respectively. The extracted imaging features were evaluated in augmenting established predictors, including functional tumor volume (FTV) and histopathologic and demographic factors, using the area under the curve (AUC) and the C-statistic as performance measures. The extracted voxel-wise features were also compared to analogous conventional aggregated features to evaluate the potential advantage of voxel-wise analysis. Voxel-wise features improved prediction of pCR (AUC = 0.78 (±0.03) vs 0.71 (±0.04), p < 0.05 and RFS (C-statistic = 0.76 ( ± 0.05), vs 0.63 ( ± 0.01)), p < 0.05, while models based on analogous aggregate imaging features did not show appreciable performance changes (p > 0.05). Furthermore, all selected voxel-wise features demonstrated significant association with outcome (p < 0.05). Thus, precise measures of voxel-wise changes in tumor heterogeneity extracted from registered DCE-MRI scans can improve early prediction of neoadjuvant treatment outcomes in locally advanced breast cancer

Stand and coarse woody debris dynamics in subalpine Norway spruce forests withdrawn from regular management

We studied structural characteristics, amount and quality of coarse woody debris (CWD), intensity of competition and mortality in two subalpine Norway spruce stands withdrawn from regular management. The stands, that we measured twice (in 1993 and 2005), have similar age and structure, but a different time has elapsed since the last silvicultural treatments (respectively 22 and about 55 y). The main purposes were to analyze the current stage of development as compared to the old-growth one and to highlight the legacies of past management. Although relatively old, the first plot (Valbona 1) was at the end of the pole stage. CWD was low in volume and was mainly of man-made origin (stumps). A recent thinning from below has reduced density-dependent competition and delayed the development of old-growth characteristics. The second plot (Valbona 2a) was at the beginning of the transition stage, with density-dependent and allogenic mortality both active at the same time. CWD volume was higher in plot Valbona 2a than in Valbona 1, but neither was comparable yet to the reference old-growth sites from Central Europe, both in quantity and in quality (e.g., decay rate continuity). The effects of the past management were: (1) reducing the quality and quantity of the CWD, (2) alleviating competition, (3) increasing resistance to minor disturbances and, as a consequence, (4) delaying the development processes. In mature or overmature subalpine Norway spruce stands withdrawn from regular management many decades are necessary to develop old-growth characteristics and a longer period of time is necessary to reach a true old-growth stage

Semiring and semimodule issues in MV-algebras

In this paper we propose a semiring-theoretic approach to MV-algebras based on the connection between such algebras and idempotent semirings - such an approach naturally imposing the introduction and study of a suitable corresponding class of semimodules, called MV-semimodules. We present several results addressed toward a semiring theory for MV-algebras. In particular we show a representation of MV-algebras as a subsemiring of the endomorphism semiring of a semilattice, the construction of the Grothendieck group of a semiring and its functorial nature, and the effect of Mundici categorical equivalence between MV-algebras and lattice-ordered Abelian groups with a distinguished strong order unit upon the relationship between MV-semimodules and semimodules over idempotent semifields.Comment: This version contains some corrections to some results at the end of Section

The Presence of Jesuit Values in a Selection of University of San Francisco Courses: The Students’ Perspective

Even with the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm (IPP) well-integrated into university coursework, the IPP works optimally in the presence of Jesuit values. But do students perceive the presence of these values in their courses? An effort was undertaken at the University of San Francisco (USF) to determine if student perception of USF’s core values in their courses could be measured, and if so, to what extent they were present. A total of 511 USF core values surveys were collected from both undergraduates and graduates in the School of Management from Spring 2014 to Intersession 2016. This paper reviews the development of the Original and Revised Surveys, and the findings that were made. This includes one low-scoring core values statement, and statistically significant differentials among international graduate students on a gender basis. The most significant finding was that all students perceived every USF core value on a substantive level in every course. Final recommendations include: (1) a detailed review of USF’s core values for clarity, and (2) a revision of the core values survey to better recognize values perception in international students of both genders

Millennium-long summer temperature variations in the European Alps as reconstructed from tree rings

This paper presents a reconstruction of the summer temperatures over the Greater Alpine Region (44.05A degrees-47.41A degrees N, 6.43A degrees-13A degrees E) during the last millennium based on a network of 38 multi-centennial larch and stone pine chronologies. Tree ring series are standardized using an Adaptative Regional Growth Curve, which attempts to remove the age effect from the low frequency variations in the series. The proxies are calibrated using the June to August mean temperatures from the HISTALP high-elevation temperature time series spanning the 1818-2003. The method combines an analogue technique, which is able to extend the too short tree-ring series, an artificial neural network technique for an optimal non-linear calibration including a bootstrap technique for calculating error assessment on the reconstruction. About 50% of the temperature variance is reconstructed. Low-elevation instrumental data back to 1760 compared to their instrumental target data reveal divergence between (warmer) early instrumental measurements and (colder) proxy estimates. The proxy record indicates cool conditions, from the mid-11th century to the mid-12th century, related to the Oort solar minimum followed by a short Medieval Warm Period (1200-1420). The Little Ice Age (1420-1830) appears particularly cold between 1420 and 1820 with summers that are 0.8 A degrees C cooler than the 1901-2000 period. The new record suggests that the persistency of the late 20th century warming trend is unprecedented. It also reveals significant similarities with other alpine reconstructions