625 research outputs found
The Perception of the Russian Revolution of 1917 in the Swiss Press: Main Notes
The article was submitted on 12.04.2017.An important area of confrontation between liberal thought and nationalistic aspirations during World War I was propaganda. Switzerland is especially interesting in these terms due to its multiculturalism, the social split in political preferences between the combatant states, and the high percentage of foreigners. Therefore, the press of this neutral state became a platform for fierce war propaganda. In 1917, one of the most important issues discussed in Swiss newspapers was the Russian Revolution. The Swiss press devoted much attention to this subject. In Switzerland, the public hardly understood the difference between the February Revolution and the October Uprising, but was affected by the fall of tsarism, though the knowledge of the actual events in Russia was scarce. The Swiss perceived the October Revolution as a continuation of the March events and not as another coup dβΓ©tat which completely transformed the political and social conditions in the enormous country to the east. The Swiss press serves as an example of liberal Russian propaganda in a neutral state. What is particularly noteworthy is how the issue of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was reflected in Swiss public opinion. Among other things, the author of the article aims to find out how rapidly the opinions of Swiss journals were spread among the public and started to influence its view of the Bolshevik regime.ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Π°. Π‘ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π². Π ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ. Π 1917 Π³. ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ
Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ
ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π€Π΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΡ
Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ. Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅. Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ 1917 Π³. Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
50 Years Later: Women, Work & the Work Ahead (Infographic)
How have things changed for women in the labor force over the last 50 years
Prompt high-energy neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts in photospheric and synchrotron self-Compton scenarios
We investigate neutrino emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) under
alternative scenarios for prompt emission (the photospheric and synchrotron
self-Compton scenarios) rather than the classical optically thin synchrotron
scenario. In the former scenario, we find that neutrinos from the pp reaction
can be very important at energies around 10-100 TeV. They may be detected by
IceCube/KM3Net and useful as a probe of baryon acceleration around/below the
photosphere. In the latter scenario, we may expect about EeV pgamma neutrinos
produced by soft photons. Predicted spectra are different from that in the
classical scenario, and neutrinos would be useful as one of the clues to the
nature of GRBs (the jet composition, emission radius, magnetic field and so
on).Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, replaced to match the final version published as
PRD Rapid Communication, 78, 101302. Minor typos fixe
Particle Image Thermometry for Natural Convection Flows
Particle Image Thermometry (PIT) is a technique by which temperature fields can be obtained non-invasively using thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) through image processing of experimental true-colour photographs. This is done using a calibration curve (hue versus temperature). With the calibration data, every pixel of the colour photograph is transformed to a temperature value, and thus accurate experimental temperature maps are obtained. Using this technique, examples of steady and unsteady natural convection are presented, which include steady magnetic convection of paramagnetic fluids in a cubic enclosure heated and cooled from opposite walls, and unsteady convective flows in a reservoir model cooled from above (night-time cooling). The instantaneous measurement of temperature fields is very useful for understanding flow characteristics in situations where conventional flow visualisation is not sufficient. This method also provides additional quantitative information for comparisons with numerical modelling
Synthetic X-ray light curves of BL Lacs from relativistic hydrodynamic simulations
We present the results of relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of the
collision of two dense shells in a uniform external medium, as envisaged in the
internal shock model for BL Lac jets. The non-thermal radiation produced by
highly energetic electrons injected at the relativistic shocks is computed
following their temporal and spatial evolution. The acceleration of electrons
at the relativistic shocks is parametrized using two different models and the
corresponding X-ray light curves are computed. We find that the interaction
time scale of the two shells is influenced by an interaction with the external
medium. For the chosen parameter sets, the efficiency of the collision in
converting dissipated kinetic energy into the observed X-ray radiation is of
the order of one percent.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figures, accepted to A&
Nonlinear Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks
Monte Carlo techniques are used to model nonlinear particle acceleration in
parallel collisionless shocks of various speeds, including mildly relativistic
ones. When the acceleration is efficient, the backreaction of accelerated
particles modifies the shock structure and causes the compression ratio, r, to
increase above test-particle values. Modified shocks with Lorentz factors less
than about 3 can have compression ratios considerably greater than 3 and the
momentum distribution of energetic particles no longer follows a power law
relation. These results may be important for the interpretation of gamma-ray
bursts if mildly relativistic internal and/or afterglow shocks play an
important role accelerating particles that produce the observed radiation. For
shock Lorentz factors greater than about 10, r approaches 3 and the so-called
`universal' test-particle result of N(E) proportional to E^{-2.3} is obtained
for sufficiently energetic particles. In all cases, the absolute normalization
of the particle distribution follows directly from our model assumptions and is
explicitly determined.Comment: Updated version, Astroparticle Physics, in press, 29 pages, 13
figure
How expensive space-zero-gravity convection experiments can be carried out in terrestrial conditions β magnetic convection of a paramagnetic fluid
Over the last decade or so it has became possible to build high-temperature super-conducting magnets that operate in a laboratory environment. Many new phenomena connected with strong magnetic fields have been reported (e.g. promotion of combustion, magnetic levitation, separation methods for weakly magnetic materials etc.). There are many applications of the use of magnetic force on the Earth. For instance, knowing how to control such a force makes it possible to negate the influence of the gravitational force and study a particular phenomenon as it would occur in the Cosmos, but under terrestrial conditions, avoiding the need for expensive space travel. The use of a magnetic field may also help in many processes such as crystal growth, mixing and material processing. The present work is concerned with magnetic convection of a paramagnetic fluid in a cubical enclosure heated and cooled from the sidewalls. The influence of a 10-T magnetic field on the convection mode of the paramagnetic fluid and the heat transfer rate were investigated numerically and experimentally, and compared with gravitational natural convection. The present study clearly shows that natural convection can be enhanced, and the direction of the convection flow can be changed using a strong magnetic field in terrestrial conditions
Atmospheric impacts of chlorinated very short-lived substances over the recent past β Part 2: Impacts on ozone
Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer remains an ongoing environmental issue, with increasing stratospheric chlorine from very short-lived substances (VSLS) recently emerging as a potential but uncertain threat to its future recovery. Here the impact of chlorinated VSLS (Cl-VSLS) on past ozone is quantified, for the first time, using the UMβUKCA (Unified ModelβUnited Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol) chemistry-climate model. Model simulations nudged to reanalysis fields show that in the second decade of the 21st century Cl-VSLS reduced total column ozone by, on average, βΌ 2β3βDU (Dobson unit) in the springtime high latitudes and by βΌ0.5βDU in the annual mean in the tropics. The largest ozone reductions were simulated in the Arctic in the springs of 2011 and 2020. During the recent cold Arctic winter of 2019/20 Cl-VSLS resulted in local ozone reductions of up to βΌ7β% in the lower stratosphere and of βΌ7βDU in total column ozone by the end of March.
Despite nearly doubling of Cl-VSLS contribution to stratospheric chlorine over the early 21st century, the inclusion of Cl-VSLS in the nudged simulations does not substantially modify the magnitude of the simulated recent ozone trends and, thus, does not help to explain the persistent negative ozone trends that have been observed in the extra-polar lower stratosphere. The free-running simulations, on the other hand, suggest Cl-VSLS-induced amplification of the negative tropical lower-stratospheric ozone trend by βΌ20β%, suggesting a potential role of the dynamical feedback from Cl-VSLS-induced chemical ozone loss. Finally, we calculate the ozone depletion potential of dichloromethane, the most abundant Cl-VSLS, at 0.0107. Our results illustrate a so-far modest but nonetheless non-negligible role of Cl-VSLS in contributing to the stratospheric ozone budget over the recent past that if continues could offset some of the gains achieved by the Montreal Protocol.</p
Future Arctic ozone recovery: the importance of chemistry and dynamics
Future trends in Arctic springtime total column ozone, and its chemical and dynamical drivers, are assessed using a seven-member ensemble from the Met Office Unified Model with United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UM-UKCA) simulating the period 1960β2100. The Arctic mean March total column ozone increases throughout the 21st century at a rate of ββΌββ―11.5β―DUβ―decadeβ»ΒΉ, and is projected to return to the 1980 level in the late 2030s. However, the integrations show that even past 2060 springtime Arctic ozone can episodically drop by ββΌββ―50β100β―DU below the corresponding long-term ensemble mean for that period, reaching values characteristic of the near-present-day average level. Consistent with the global decline in inorganic chlorine (Clᡧ) over the century, the estimated mean halogen-induced chemical ozone loss in the Arctic lower atmosphere in spring decreases by around a factor of 2 between the periods 2001β2020 and 2061β2080. However, in the presence of a cold and strong polar vortex, elevated halogen-induced ozone losses well above the corresponding long-term mean continue to occur in the simulations into the second part of the century. The ensemble shows a significant cooling trend in the Arctic winter mid- and upper stratosphere, but there is less confidence in the projected temperature trends in the lower stratosphere (100β50β―hPa). This is partly due to an increase in downwelling over the Arctic polar cap in winter, which increases transport of ozone into the polar region as well as drives adiabatic warming that partly offsets the radiatively driven stratospheric cooling. However, individual winters characterised by significantly suppressed downwelling, reduced transport and anomalously low temperatures continue to occur in the future. We conclude that, despite the projected long-term recovery of Arctic ozone, the large interannual dynamical variability is expected to continue in the future, thereby facilitating episodic reductions in springtime ozone columns. Whilst our results suggest that the relative role of dynamical processes for determining Arctic springtime ozone will increase in the future, halogen chemistry will remain a smaller but non-negligible contributor for many decades to come.We thank NCAS Computational Model Support for help with setting up and porting the model. We acknowledge the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service. We acknowledge use of the MONSooN system, a collaborative facility supplied under the Joint Weather and Climate Research Programme, which is a strategic partnership between the UK Met Office and the NERC. Amanda C. Maycock, John A. Pyle and N. Luke Abraham were supported by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science, a NERC-funded research centre. We acknowledge funding from the ERC for the ACCI project (grant number 267760), including a PhD studentship for Ewa M. Bednarz. Amanda C. Maycock acknowledges support from an AXA postdoctoral fellowship and NERC grant NE/M018199/1
Sandia Senior Design Collaboration: Vacuum Sensor Design
Sandia National Laboratories has requested a fully mechanical device to close a circuit after launch has occurred and the device enters a vacuum. Intended for applications in rockets and missiles, the device must fit in a 36 degree wedge with a 6.8 inch radius that is 6 inches in height and be ready to bolt onto a rocket. The pressure switch must be prevented from actuating until a launch acceleration ranging from 20 to 27g is detected. The pressure switch must close the circuit after a pressure of 10-1 Torr is reached and before a pressure of 10-6 Torr is reached. The switch must remain closed after the switch is actuated. The pressure switch is required to close a circuit carrying 30 VDC with a 15 ohm load for up to 15 seconds. The switch itself is allowed to have a maximum resistance of 0.2 ohms. The switch must be resettable for Sandia to conduct multiple test runs. Our contact at Sandia expressed interest in 3D printed components. This design detects the launch acceleration by separating a calibrated mass from a magnet. Before the acceleration sensor is tripped, it prevents the pressure switch from actuating. The pressure switch contains a substance which is a liquid at the temperatures and pressures experienced before the vacuum environment is reached and vaporizes in the vacuum environment. The phase change causes an expansion of the fluid container, which is used to move the actuator magnet near a reed switch and close the circuit. Thus, this project applies thermodynamics, system dynamics, numerical methods, material selection, and mechanical component design. A prototype of the design will be built and sent alongside a report to Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia will test the device on a sounding rocket. This project will provide Sandia with one of ten prototype devices to test. The switch provided will be used to detect when the rocket has left the atmosphere and has activated safety measures
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