¿Cómo se relaciona el tipo de responsabilidad y el debido proceso en el desarrollo de actividades peligrosas?

Al causar un daño a una persona que no se encuentra en la obligación de soportar, surge de este modo la obligación de realizar una indemnización por parte de quien fue el causante del daño. Cabe precisar que dicha responsabilidad solo puede generarse de un incumplimiento sin vínculo contractual. Toda persona que sufra un daño en un derecho propio puede solicitar indemnización de perjuicios, tanto por daños físicos, como psicológicos, morales, daño a la vida de relación, entre otros. Igualmente es necesario tener claridad sobre el sujeto activo que realizó la conducta dañosa, el nexo de causalidad y un resultado común; es necesario analizar si se respetan los procedimientos y derechos fundamentales como el del debido proceso, para saber si existe alguna vulneración, y si en realidad la ley respeta el procedimiento. La Corte Suprema de Justicia (2012-2018) ha indicado en diferentes ocasiones qué labores desarrolladas diariamente se pueden considerar como “peligrosas”, como por ejemplo la conducción de vehículos automotores, en las cuales NO se permite la exoneración de responsabilidad con la suma diligencia o cuidado de la realización del manejo de la actividad o labor, sino que en estos casos existe una presunción de culpabilidad y solamente es posible exonerarse con una de las causales como fuerza mayor, caso fortuito, culpa exclusiva de la víctima o intervención de un tercero civilmente responsable. Es necesario entonces analizar si en realidad se respeta el derecho de defensa al no permitir la exoneración de responsabilidad por la suma diligencia y cuidado, y qué papel protege más la jurisprudencia, si el de víctima o el de autor.When causing damage to a person who is not in the obligation to endure, the obligation to make compensation for who caused the damage arises in this way, it should be specified that this responsibility can only be generated breach from a non-contractual link. Any person who suffers damage in a right of their one, can request compensation for damages, both damages for physical, as well as psychological, moral damage, damage to life relationship, among others. It is also necessary to have clarity about the active subject who carried out the harmful conduct, the nexus of causality and a common result, it is necessary to analyze if the procedures and fundamental rights such as the Due Process are respected to know if there is any violation or if in reality the law respects the procedure. The Supreme Court of Justice has indicated on different occasions that work carried out daily can be considered as “Dangerous”, such as the driving of motor vehicles, in which the exoneration of responsibility is not allowed with the utmost diligence or care of the realization of the management of the 3 activity or work, but in these cases there is a presumption of guilt and it is only possible to be exonerated with one of the causes that are: Force majeure, fortuitous event, exclusive fault of the victim or intervention of a civilly responsible third party. It is therefore necessary to analyze whether the right of defense is actually respected by not allowing the exoneration of responsibility for the utmost diligence and care and what role protects more the jurisprudence the victim or author

Las hibridaciones e interculturalidades desde una perspectiva musical : música intercultural indígena

Las hibridaciones e interculturalidades desde una perspectiva musical es un documental transmedia que evidencia cómo la globalización y el desarrollo de la tecnología y la comunicación ha afectado la manera como nos concebimos los seres humanos en este momento, a tal punto que hablar sobre la identidad de una sociedad en una misma nación se vuelve problemático. A la vez, que la construcción de tantas mezclas culturales, sociales, políticas y económicas generan una lucha entre la perdida y el arraigo de tradiciones con la apropiación de lo externo. Sin embargo, estos conceptos de interculturalidad e hibridación que tratamos en todo el proyecto están aterrizados a un objeto de estudio específico que es la música indígena.Comunicador (a) SocialPregrad

Análisis de la expresión y función de los sustratos del receptor de insulina

La diabetes y la resistencia a insulina están asociada a un mayor riesgo de aparición de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. La señalización de insulina está mediada por los sustratos del receptor de insulina (IRS). Alteraciones en la expresión de estas proteínas pueden resultar en resistencia a la insulina. Estudios previos del laboratorio muestran cambios en los niveles del mRNA del IRS1 y del IRS2 en situación de síndrome metabólico. Este trabajo pretende caracterizar la región promotora que regula la expresión de estos genes. Para ello, hemos analizado, mediante herramientas bioinformáticas, las secuencias reguladoras, es decir, los sitios consenso de unión a factores de transcripción, presentes en los promotores de estos genes de rata. Por otro lado, para observar la funcionalidad del promotor in vitro, se pretende clonar la región promotora y estudiar su actividad con la expresión de un gen reportero. El análisis bioinformático muestra prevalentemente la unión de la familia de factores HES al promotor de IRS2 y no en IRS1. Además, la secuencia promotora clonada muestra funcionalidad cuando se transfectan células heterólogas in vitro. Las diferencias en el promotor pueden explicar el diferente comportamiento de estos mRNA y es la base para estudios futuros de este factor de transcripción en situaciones de resistencia a insulina. Se podría mejorar la funcionalidad del promotor empleando elementos potenciadores de la transcripción como enhancers, para en un futuro poder estudiar su actividad in vivo y bajo diferentes condiciones.Diabetes and resistance to the disease are associated with a risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin signaling is mediated by insulin receptor substrates (IRS). Alterations in the expression of these proteins can result in an insulin resistance. Previous studies of the laboratory showed changes in the levels of mRNA of IRS1 and IRS2 in situation of metabolic syndrome. In this work we aim to study the promoter activity that regulates the expression of these genes, as well as the function of these proteins in vitro. Bioinformatic tools have been used to identify the regulatory sequences present in the promoters. On the other hand, to determine the functionality of the promoter in vitro, it was necessary to clone it into a plasmid, which took into account the genomic DNA, the amplification of the fragment by PCR, the ligation in the final plasmid and the verification in cells in vitro Bioinformatic analysis shows the binding of the family of HES factors to the IRS2 promoter and not to IRS1. In addition, the promoter sequence shows a small amount of in vitro activity, due to the low efficiency in transfection. The differences in the promoter may explain the different behavior of these mRNAs, and this is the basis for future studies of this transcription factor in situations of insulin resistance. The functionality of the promoter could be improved by using transcription enhancing elements as enhancers, to be able to study it in vivo and under different conditions

Ruido en escenarios de práctica extramural de una facultad de odontología en instituciones de salud de área metropolitana, Bucaramanga-Colombia

Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de ruido generados en los escenarios de práctica clínica extramural a los que están expuestos los estudiantes de una facultad de odontología. Metodología: estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, que incluyó los escenarios de práctica clínica que se mantuvieron activos al inicio de la pandemia con Covid-19 y cumplían con los protocolos de bioseguridad establecidos por la legislación nacional; las mediciones de ruido fueron realizadas por un experto con un sonómetro digital  calibrado; el nivel de ruido se midió durante la realización de procedimientos odontológicos en el cubículo (ruido interno) y en el pasillo (ruido externo). La información se analizó con el paquete estadístico Stata 14.0. Se presenta un análisis uni y bivariado; éste último comparó las mediciones de ruido generado entre las instituciones y en cada institución entre el ruido externo e interno, se usó la prueba de Mann-Whitney. El estudio se acogió a las recomendaciones para investigaciones según resolución 8430 de 1993. Resultados: los valores de ruido obtenidos en las tres instituciones evaluadas en la presente investigación,  no excedieron los límites de ruido establecidos por los parámetros nacionales e internacionales y se reportaron mayores niveles de ruido interno (74 dB) y externo (71,5 dB) en la institución ubicada en Floridablanca, a pesar de que en ésta  se encontraba en funcionamiento una sola unidad. Conclusiones: Los niveles de ruido reportados no sobrepasaron los parámetros nacionales e internacionales.Objective: To determine the noise levels generated in the extramural clinical practice scenarios to which the students of a dental school are exposed. Methodology: cross-sectional analytical observational study, which included clinical practice scenarios that remained active at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic and complied with biosafety protocols stablished by national legislation; noise measurements were performed by an expert with the calibrated digital sound level meter; the noise level was measured during dental procedures in the cubicle (internal noise) and in the corridor (external noise). The information was analyzed with the Stata 14.0 statistical package. A uni and bivariate analysis is presented; The latter compared the measurements of noise generated between institutions and in each institution between external and internal noise, the Mann-Whitney test was used. The study followed the recommendations for research according to resolution 8430 of 1993. Results: the noise values obtained in the three institutions evaluated in this research did not exceed the noise limits established by national and international parameters and were reported higher levels of internal noise (74 dB) and external noise (71.5 dB) were reported in the institution located in Floridablanca, despite the fact that there was only one unit in operation. Conclusions: The reported noise levels did not exceed the national and international parameters

Changes in bread consumption and 4-year changes in adiposity in Spanish subjects at high cardiovascular risk

The effects of bread consumption change over time on anthropometric measures have been scarcely studied. We analysed 2213 participants at high risk for CVD from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial to assess the association between changes in the consumption of bread and weight and waist circumference gain over time. Dietary habits were assessed with validated FFQ at baseline and repeatedly every year during 4 years of follow-up. Using multivariate models to adjust for covariates, long-term weight and waist circumference changes according to quartiles of change in energy-adjusted white and whole-grain bread consumption were calculated. The present results showed that over 4 years, participants in the highest quartile of change in white bread intake gained 0·76 kg more than those in the lowest quartile (P for trend = 0·003) and 1·28 cm more than those in the lowest quartile (P for trend 2 kg) and gaining waist circumference (>2 cm) during follow-up was not associated with increase in bread consumption, but participants in the highest quartile of changes in white bread intake had a reduction of 33 % in the odds of losing weight (>2 kg) and a reduction of 36 % in the odds of losing waist circumference (>2 cm). The present results suggest that reducing white bread, but not whole-grain bread consumption, within a Mediterranean-style food pattern setting is associated with lower gains in weight and abdominal fat

Glycemic index, glycemic load and invasive breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women: The PREDIMED study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prospective associations between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and the risk for invasive breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women at high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This study was conducted within the framework of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) study, a nutritional intervention trial for primary cardiovascular prevention. We included 4010 women aged between 60 and 80 years who were initially free from breast cancer but at high risk for CVD disease. Dietary information was collected using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire. We assigned GI values using the International Tables of GI and GL values. Cases were ascertained through yearly consultation of medical records and through consultation of the National Death Index. Only cases confirmed by results from cytology tests or histological evaluation were included. We estimated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for invasive breast cancer risk across tertiles of energy-adjusted dietary GI/GL using Cox regression models. We repeated our analyses using yearly repeated measures of GI/GL intakes. No associations were found between baseline dietary GI/GL and invasive breast cancer incidence. The multivariable hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the top tertile of dietary GI was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.42–2.46) and for dietary GL was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.44–2.30) when compared with the bottom tertile. Repeated-measures analyses yielded similar results. In sensitivity analyses, no significant associations were observed for women with obesity or diabetes. Dietary GI and GL did not appear to be associated with an increased risk for invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high CVD risk

A high dietary glycemic index increases total mortality in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk

OBJECTIVE: Different types of carbohydrates have diverse glycemic response, thus glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are used to assess this variation. The impact of dietary GI and GL in all-cause mortality is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between dietary GI and GL and risk of all-cause mortality in the PREDIMED study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The PREDIMED study is a randomized nutritional intervention trial for primary cardiovascular prevention based on community-dwelling men and women at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Dietary information was collected at baseline and yearly using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We assigned GI values of each item by a 5-step methodology, using the International Tables of GI and GL Values. Deaths were ascertained through contact with families and general practitioners, review of medical records and consultation of the National Death Index. Cox regression models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% CI for mortality, according to quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary GI/GL. To assess repeated measures of exposure, we updated GI and GL intakes from the yearly FFQs and used Cox models with time-dependent exposures. RESULTS: We followed 3,583 non-diabetic subjects (4.7 years of follow-up, 123 deaths). As compared to participants in the lowest quartile of baseline dietary GI, those in the highest quartile showed an increased risk of all-cause mortality [HR = 2.15 (95% CI: 1.15-4.04); P for trend  = 0.012]. In the repeated-measures analyses using as exposure the yearly updated information on GI, we observed a similar association. Dietary GL was associated with all-cause mortality only when subjects were younger than 75 years. CONCLUSIONS: High dietary GI was positively associated with all-cause mortality in elderly population at high cardiovascular risk