Effect of pore generator on microstructure and resistivity of Sb2O3 and CuO doped SnO2 electrodes

[EN] Sb(2)O(3)and CuO doped SnO(2)ceramic electrodes could be an alternative to the ones currently used ones in the electrooxidation process of water pollutants. The rise of electrode surface by introducing a porogen agent on the composition was analysed in order to increase the electrochemical active surface. For this reason, several substances were tested. Although the densification and total pore volume had similar values, the microstructures and the pore size distributions generated were strongly dependent on porogen nature. A total of five porogens were tested, but petroleum coke turned out to be the best option for these electrodes. It was found that the electrical resistivity depends on the nature of pore generator. Furthermore, its relation to the porosity can be modelled with Archie's or Pabst's equations.The authors are very grateful to the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Projects: CTQ2015-65202-C2-1-R and CTQ2015-65202-C2-2-R) and to the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), for their economic support.Sánchez-Rivera, M.; Gozalbo, A.; Pérez-Herranz, V.; Mestre, S. (2020). Effect of pore generator on microstructure and resistivity of Sb2O3 and CuO doped SnO2 electrodes. Journal of Porous Materials. 27(6):1801-1808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-020-00959-0S18011808276C.A. Martínez-Huitle, S. Ferro, Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for the wastewater treatment: direct and indirect processes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 35, 1324–1340 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1039/B517632HC.A. Kent, J.J. Concepcion, C.J. Dares, D.A. Torelli, A.J. Rieth, A.S. Miller, P.G. Hoertz, T.J. Meyer, Water oxidation and oxygen monitoring by cobalt-modified fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes. J. Am. 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Salvadó, M. Vendrell-Saz, Evidence of tin oxide recrystallization in opacified lead glazes. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82, 2871–2875 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb02170.xP.P. Tsai, I.-C. Chen, M.H. Tzeng, Tin oxide (SnOX) carbon monoxide sensor fabricated by thick-film methods. Sensors Actuators B 25, 537–539 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(95)85116-XF. Li, J. Xu, X. Yu, L. Chen, J. Zhu, Z. Yang, X. Xin, One-step solid-state reaction synthesis and gas sensing property of tin oxide nanoparticles. Sensors Actuators B 165–169. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400501009479S. Zuca, M. Terzi, M. Zaharescu, K. Matiasovsky, Contribution to the study of SnO2-based ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 26, 1673–1676 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00544681M. BATZILL, U. DIEBOLD, The surface and materials science of tin oxide. Prog. Surf. Sci. 79, 47–154 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsurf.2005.09.002G. Monrós. El color de la cerámica: nuevos mecanismos en pigmentos para los nuevos procesados de la industria cerámica, n.d. https://books.google.es/books/about/El_Color_de_la_cerámica.html?id=yfIogcGvdqUC&redir_esc=y . Accessed 29 Aug 2018E.R. Leite, J.A. Cerri, E. Longo, J.A. Varela, C.A. Paskocima, Sintering of ultrafine undoped SnO2 powder. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21, 669–675 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00250-8S. Mihaiu, O. Scarlat, G. Aldica, M. Zaharescu, SnO2 electroceramics with various additives. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21, 1801–1804 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(01)00119-4C.R. Foschini, L. Perazolli, J.A. Varela, Sintering of tin oxide using zinc oxide as a densification aid. J. Mater. Sci. 39, 5825–5830 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000040095.03906.61M.S. Castro, C.M. Aldao, Characterization of SnO2-varistors with different additives. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 18, 2233–2239 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00130-1A.-M. Popescu, S. Mihaiu, S. Zuca, Microstructure and electrochemical behaviour of some SnO2-based inert electrodes in aluminium electrolysis. Zeitschrift Für Naturforsch. A 57, 71–75 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-2002-1-210M.R. Sahar, M. Hasbullah, Properties of SnO2-based ceramics. 30, 5304–5305 (1995)D. Nisiro, G. Fabbri, G.C. Celotti, A. Bellosi, Influence of the additives and processing conditions on the characteristics of dense SnO2-based ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 38, 2727–2742 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024459307992M.-J. Sánchez-Rivera, CuO improved (Sn,Sb)O2 ceramic anodes for electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. (2018)B. Das, B. Chakrabarty, P. Barkakati, Preparation and characterization of novel ceramic membranes for micro-filtration applications. Ceram. Int. 42, 14326–14333 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.06.125I. Hedfi, N. Hamdi, M.A. Rodriguez, E. 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Role of starch characteristics in the properties of low-cost ceramic membranes

Starch is used as porosity generator in membranes and other porous ceramics. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the characteristicsof starches (impurities, particle size), obtained from potato, pea, maize and wheat, on the properties of microfiltration membranes formulated withtraditional raw materials (the ceramic matrix was composed of quartz, albite and mullite). The results indicated that the pore size distributionand the permeability coefficient of the membrane can be controlled by modifying only the particle size of starch. In this way, correlations wereobtained between surface mean diameter of starch and membrane properties (characteristic pore diameters d16and d50, and permeability coefficient).Moreover, it is necessary to use a starch having a mean particle size greater than about 50 m in order to obtain a significant change in the poresize distribution and an increase in the permeability of the membraneThe authors thank Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad for their support for the development of this research (Plan Nacional de I+D, ref. CTQ2012-37450-C02-02).Lorente-Ayza, MM.; Orts, M.; Pérez-Herranz, V.; Mestre, S. (2015). Role of starch characteristics in the properties of low-cost ceramic membranes. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 35(8):2333-2341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.02.026S2333234135

Study of the chlorfenvinphos pesticide removal under different anodic materials and different reactor configuration

The present manuscript focuses on the study of the electrochemical oxidation of the insecticide Chlorfenvinphos (CVP). The assays were carried out under galvanostatic conditions using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and lowcost tin dioxide doped with antimony (Sb-doped SnO2) as anodes. The influence of the operating variables, such as applied current density, presence or absence of a cation-exchange membrane and concentration of supporting electrolyte, was discussed. The results revealed that the higher applied current density the higher degradation and mineralization of the insecticide for both anodes. The presence of the membrane and the highest concentration of Na2SO4 studied (0.1 M) as a supporting electrolyte benefited the oxidation process of CVP using the BDD electrode, while with the ceramic anode the elimination of CVP was lower under these experimental conditions. Although the BDD electrode showed the best performance, ceramic anodes appear as an interesting alternative as they were able to degrade CVP completely for the highest applied current density values. Toxicity tests revealed that the initial solution of CVP was more toxic than the samples treated with the ceramic electrode, while using the BDD electrode the toxicity of the sample increased

Determining the optimal features in freezing of gait detection through a single waist accelerometer in home environments

Freezing of gait (FoG) is one of the most disturbing and incapacitating symptoms in Parkinson's disease. It is defined as a sudden block in effective stepping, provoking anxiety, stress and falls. FoG is usually evaluated by means of different questionnaires; however, this method has shown to be not reliable, since it is subjective due to its dependence on patients’ and caregivers’ judgment. Several authors have analyzed the usage of MEMS inertial systems to detect FoG with the aim of objectively evaluating it. So far, specific methods based on accelerometer's frequency response has been employed in many works; nonetheless, since they have been developed and tested in laboratory conditions, their performance is commonly poor when being used at patients’ home. Therefore, this work proposes a new set of features that aims to detect FoG in real environments by using accelerometers. This set of features is compared with three previously reported approaches to detect FoG. The different feature sets are trained by means of several machine learning classifiers; furthermore, different window sizes are also evaluated. In addition, a greedy subset selection process is performed to reduce the computational load of the method and to enable a real-time implementation. Results show that the proposed method detects FoG at patients’ home with 91.7% and 87.4% of sensitivity and specificity, respectively, enhancing the results of former methods between a 5% and 11% and providing a more balanced rate of true positives and true negatives.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Shared decision making with schizophrenic patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial with booster sessions (DECIDE Study)

Background: The treatment of schizophrenia requires a prolonged, multidimensional intervention that includes antipsychotic drugs. Treatment adherence is essential to effectively control the disorder. Shared decision-making (SDM) is a strategy, supported by numerous practical and ethical arguments, that seeks to involve patients in the therapeutic process to improve treatment adherence and satisfaction. The use of this model in mental health has been limited for many intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. The results of clinical trials conducted to date have largely been disappointing, potential due to study design-related limitations. Aim/Question: To evaluate the efficacy, in terms of treatment adherence and improvement in clinical variables, such as severity of symptoms, days of hospitalization or insight, of a carefully timed SDM model initiated immediately prior to hospital discharge in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Single-blind, randomized clinical trial in an acute psychiatric care unit within the Andalusian Health Department to compare SDM (experimental group) to treatment as usual (TAU; control group) in a sample of patients hospitalized for an acute episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The study was performed between January 2014 and June 2017. The experimental group participated in SDM sessions prior to discharge with regular booster sessions over the one-year follow-up. The health care team responsible for SDM was predisposed to concordance (LatCon II scale) and received specific training in SDM. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors independently associated with adherence, controlling for sociodemographic, clinical, and admission-related variables. Variables were assessed at admission, discharge and at 3, 6 and 12 months after discharge during the one year follow up. BARS, DAI, WAI-S, COMRADE and PANSS were used to evaluate adherence, attitude to treatment, therapeutic alliance, satisfaction and confidence with decision and clinical status, respectively. Results: A total of 227 schizophrenic patients hospitalized with acute decompensation were evaluated; of these, 102 met all inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Most patients (95%) had prior experience with antipsychotics and most (82%) had experienced related side effects. Despite randomization, psychopathologic severity was greater in the experimental group, with a mean (SD) PANSS score of 104.08 (80) vs. 93.45 (20.30) (p < 0.05). The final regression model to explain adherence was significant (adjusted R2 = 0.384; F [df= 6] = 4.386; p < 0.001), with a direct, significant and independent association with SDM mediated by the number of booster sessions. Discussion: Shared decision making with booster sessions appears to increase treatment adherence in patients with severe mental disorders. Implication on practice: Ethical, practical, and clinical reasons support the use of strategies designed promote the use of long-term, shared decision-making in psychiatric patients, especially in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Background: Adherence is essential for the successful treatment of schizophrenia. Shared decision making is a strategy that aims to involve patients in the treatment process to improve satisfaction with treatment. However, the evidence to support this approach remains inconclusive. Aim/Question: To assess the efficacy, in terms of treatment adherence and clinical variables, of a shared decision-making approach initiated immediately prior to hospital discharge and at regular intervals during one-year follow-up in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Single-blind randomized clinical trial with in an acute psychiatric care unit within the Andalusian Health Department, with booster sessions at months 3, 6, and 12 during the follow-up. A hierarchical multiple linear regression was performed to assess adherence, controlling for sociodemographic, clinical, and admission-related variables, and the application or not of shared decision-making. Results: 102 patients with acute decompensation were included. Despite randomization, psychopathologic severity was greater in the experimental group, with a mean (SD) PANSS score of 104.08 (80) vs. 93.45 (20.30) (p < 0.05). The final explanatory adherence model was significant (adjusted R2 = 0.384; F [df = 16] = 4.386; p < 0.001), with a significant and independent association of shared decision-making mediated by the number of booster sessions applied. Conclusions: The application of shared decision making with booster sessions appears to increase the likelihood of treatment adherence in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. © 2023 The Author

Phase I clinical trial in healthy adults of a nasal vaccine candidate containing recombinant hepatitis B surface and core antigens

SummaryBackgroundThe nasal vaccine candidate (NASVAC), comprising hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface (HBsAg) and core antigens (HBcAg), has been shown to be highly immunogenic in animal models.MethodsA phase I double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was carried out in 19 healthy male adults with no serologic markers of immunity/infection to HBV. This study was aimed at exploring the safety and immunogenic profile of nasal co-administration of both HBV recombinant antigens. The trial was performed according to Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 45 years and were randomly allocated to receive a mixture of 50μg HBsAg and 50μg HBcAg or 0.9% physiologic saline solution, as a placebo, via nasal spray in a five-dose schedule at 0, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days. A total volume of 0.5ml was administered in two dosages of 125μl per nostril. Adverse events were actively recorded 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 7 days and 30 days after each dose. Anti-HBs and anti-HBc titers were evaluated using corresponding ELISA kits at days 30 and 90.ResultsThe vaccine candidate was safe and well tolerated. Adverse reactions included sneezing (34.1%), rhinorrhea (12.2%), nasal stuffiness (9.8%), palate itching (9.8%), headache (9.8%), and general malaise (7.3%). These reactions were all self-limiting and mild in intensity. No severe or unexpected events were recorded during the trial. The vaccine elicited anti-HBc seroconversion in 100% of subjects as early as day 30 of the immunization schedule, while a seroprotective anti-HBs titer (≥10IU/l) was at a maximum at day 90 (75%). All subjects in the placebo group remained seronegative during the trial.ConclusionThe HBsAg–HBcAg vaccine candidate was safe, well tolerated and immunogenic in this phase I study in healthy adults. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of safety and immunogenicity for a nasal vaccine candidate comprising HBV antigens

Synthesis and electrochemical behavior of ceramic cation-exchange membranes based on zirconium phosphate

Cation-exchange membranes made exclusively from ceramic materials have been synthesized by means of the impregnation of microporous ceramic supports with zirconium phosphate. Changes in the pore size distribution and total pore volume of the supports were provoked by the addition of starch as pore former in the fabrication procedure. This allowed the production of supports with increased effective electrical conductivities and with larger pores available for the zirconium phosphate deposition. An improved functionality for the exchange of cations was given to the ceramic membranes by means of their impregnation with the active particles of zirconium phosphate. The ion-exchange properties of the membranes were increased with further impregnation cycles and the resulting current voltage curves showed a similar shape to that typical of commercial polymeric ion-exchange membranes. The production of ionexchange membranes with increased chemical and radiation stability will broaden their applicability for the treatment of specific industrial waste waters, which are very aggressive for the current commercial ion-exchange membranes.Manuel-Cesar Marti-Calatayud wants to express his gratitude to Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a postgraduate grant (Ref. 2010-12). S. Sales would like to express her gratitude to Ministerio de Ciencia e Investigacion (Spain) for a postgraduate grant (AP2009-4409). This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Spain) with the project numbers CTQ2008-06750-C02-01/PPQ and CTQ2008-06750-C02-02/PPQ.Martí Calatayud, MC.; García Gabaldón, M.; Pérez-Herranz, V.; Sales, S.; Mestre, S. (2013). Synthesis and electrochemical behavior of ceramic cation-exchange membranes based on zirconium phosphate. Ceramics International. 39(4):4045-4054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.10.255S4045405439

Low-cost inorganic cation exchange membrane for electrodialysis: optimum processing temperature for the cation exchanger

The optimum temperature for fixing zirconium phosphate, obtained by precipitation, on a low-cost ceramic support was determined in order to obtain an inorganic cation exchange membrane for electrodialysis. Zirconium phosphate ion exchange capacity maximised between 450 and 550°C, thus it was considered the optimum processing temperature. The origin of this maximum was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and termogravimetry and evolved gas analysis. Zirconium phosphate formation by precipitation in the porous network of the support was verified by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The membrane obtained after thermal treatment at 450°C displayed selectivity to the cations present in the spent rinse water of the chromium plating process. This property allows the recovery of chromium by removing the cations through the cation exchange ceramic membrane.The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the support given to the research study (National Basic Research Programme, Ref. CTQ2008-06750-C02-02), as well as for the FPU student grant awarded to one of the authors (Ref.: AP2009-4409).Mestre, S.; Sales, S.; Palacios, M.; Lorente, M.; Mallol, G.; Pérez-Herranz, V. (2013). Low-cost inorganic cation exchange membrane for electrodialysis: optimum processing temperature for the cation exchanger. Desalination and Water Treatment. 51(16-18):3317-3324. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.749177S331733245116-18Strathmann, H. (2010). Electromembrane Processes: Basic Aspects and Applications. Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering, 391-429. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-093250-7.00048-7Drioli, E., & Fontananova, E. (s. f.). Integrated Membrane Processes. 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(1966). Inorganic ion-exchange membranes and their application to electrodialysis. Desalination, 1(3), 231-246. doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(00)80255-6INAMUDDIN, KHAN, S., SIDDIQUI, W., & KHAN, A. (2007). Synthesis, characterization and ion-exchange properties of a new and novel ‘organic–inorganic’ hybrid cation-exchanger: Nylon-6,6, Zr(IV) phosphate. Talanta, 71(2), 841-847. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.05.042HELEN, M., VISWANATHAN, B., & MURTHY, S. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of composite membranes based on α-zirconium phosphate and silicotungstic acid. Journal of Membrane Science, 292(1-2), 98-105. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.01.018Yu.S. Dzyaz’ko, V.N. Belyakov, N.V. Stefanyak, S.L. Vasilyuk, Anion-exchange properties of composite ceramic membranes containing hydrated zirconium dioxide, Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 79 (2006) 769–773.Linkov, V. ., & Belyakov, V. . (2001). Novel ceramic membranes for electrodialysis. 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Deep learning for detecting freezing of gait episodes in Parkinson’s disease based on accelerometers

The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59147-6_30Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most incapacitating symptoms among the motor alterations of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Manifesting FOG episodes reduce patients’ quality of life and their autonomy to perform daily living activities, while it may provoke falls. Accurate ambulatory FOG assessment would enable non-pharmacologic support based on cues and would provide relevant information to neurologists on the disease evolution. This paper presents a method for FOG detection based on deep learning and signal processing techniques. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time that FOG detection is addressed with deep learning. The evaluation of the model has been done based on the data from 15 PD patients who manifested FOG. An inertial measurement unit placed at the left side of the waist recorded tri-axial accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer signals. Our approach achieved comparable results to the state-of-the-art, reaching validation performances of 88.6% and 78% for sensitivity and specificity respectively.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft