Respectable and Disreputable Women Mechanisms of Relief for and Oppression of Women in Spain in the Early Modern Period

AbstractOne of the defining characteristics of the working classes during the Old Regime was poverty, and the main victims were women, especially those who “vivían sobre sí” [eighteenth century Spanish expression meaning to fend for or support oneself]. Indeed, the percentage of female-headed households in cities which were considered “impoverished” was higher than that of male-headed households. Furthermore, women not only had to cope with hardship and destitution but they also expected to scrupulously observe the prevailing moral doctrine. If they were considered respectable, they were eligible to receive relief from public and private charitable institutions, but should they transgress the moral standards of the day, they would find that there was no room for toleranc

A source for the study of prisons in the Kingdom of León: the record of 1817

The paper consist of an analysis of prisoner’s living conditions in the various types of prison which existed in the region during the Ancient Regime. The diversity of judicial systems in the region created the need for widely differing institutions, from small rural prisons to large-scale establishments created by the crown to transform vagabonds into productive individuals.En el trabajo se analizan las condiciones de vida de vida de los encarcelados en los diferentes tipos de cárceles que operaban en las provincias de León y Zamora durante el Antiguo Régimen. La diversidad de los sistemas judiciales en la región introdujo la necesidad de instituciones muy diferentes, desde las pequeñas cárceles rurales a los grandes establecimientos creados por la corona para transformar vagabundos en individuos productivos

Hospitalidad y asistencia en la provincia de León a finales del Antiguo Régimen (1728-1896)

El trabajo consta de dos partes. En la primera analizamos las peculiaridades de la red asistencial en la provincia de León a mediados del siglo XVIII, centrándonos en su distribución territorial, ámbito de actuación y tipo de administración. En la segunda, hemos analizado el mayor centro hospitalario de la provincia en ese momento: el hospital de San Antonio Abad. Nuestro objetivo en este caso ha sido conocer el perfil sociológico de los pacientes allí tratados, atendiendo al sexo, estado civil, edad y procedencia territorial

Charity and the social visibility of the nobility in the Modern period: the Hospital of Nuestra Señora de la Piedad in Benavente

A mediados del siglo XVIII estaban funcionando en la villa zamorana de Benavente tres hospitales: el de san Juan Bautista, Nuestra Señora de La Piedad y San José, fundados en la época medieval, en el siglo XVI y en el XVII, respectivamente. De todos ellos, el de Piedad se convertiría en el centro con asistencia médica más importante del norte de Zamora y sur de la provincia de León. Pero, también tuvo otra clientela especialmente numerosa, la de los temporeros gallegos. En este trabajo, además de analizar el radio de influencia del centro, o de capitación de enfermos, estudiaremos las características de los mismos, el periodo de convalecencia o la mortalidad, haciendo especial hincapié en los diferentes colectivos que allí fueron atendidos.In the mid eighteenth century three hospitals were in operation in the town of Benavente in the Province of Zamora in Spain. These were the hospitals of San Juan Bautista, Nuestra Señora de La Piedad and San José, which had been founded in the Middle Ages, in the sixteenth century, and in the seventeenth century, respectively. Of the three, Nuestra Señora de La Piedad was to become the principal centre for medical assistance in the zone covering the North of the Province of Zamora and the South of the Province of Leon. However, it also had another, particularly numerous, group of users: seasonal workers from Galicia, who each year travelled up to the central plateau to earn a living as agricultural labourers during the summer months. This paper will address the question of the centre’s catchment area, from which its clientele came, and also will look into their characteristics, the period for which they convalesced, or their mortality rates, laying special emphasis on the various different types of patient treated there.Este trabajo forma parte de un proyecto de investigación titulado Marginación y respuesta social en el Noroeste de la Península Ibérica durante el Antiguo Régimen, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Ref. HAR2010-17780)

La actividad del tribunal eclesiástico de León en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII

Los Expedientes Matrimoniales ofrecen una gran riqueza informativa, desde aspectos demográficos hasta la sexualidad, pasando, por supuesto, por la sociología del matrimonio, e, incluso, nos brindan noticias de la vida cotidiana. En el Archivo Diocesano de León, esa documentación comienza a tener continuidad en la segunda mitad del siglo xviii. Para acercarnos a la actividad del tribunal eclesiástico leonés en esta materia, hemos tomado una muestra de veinticinco años, desde 1755 hasta 1780. En primer lugar, nos planteamos conocer cuáles eran las causas a las que atendían y la prelación de las mismas y, a continuación, analizar los motivos que desencadenaron aquellas que desembocaron en litigios y que, como veremos, casi todos estuvieron relacionados con los esponsales. Ahora bien, hemos de tener en cuenta que la visión que obtendremos de tal problemática será parcial, pues no hemos de olvidar que eran de fuero mixto.Els Expedients Matrimonials ofereixen una gran riquesa informativa que passa per diferents camps d'investigació, des de la demografia fins a la sexualitat, passant, per descomptat, per la sociologia del matrimoni, i, fins i tot, ens ofereixen notícies de la vida quotidiana. A l'Arxiu Diocesà de Lleó, aquesta documentació comença a tenir continuïtat a la segona meitat del segle xviii i en aquest treball hem pres una mostra de vint-i-cinc anys, des del 1755 fins al 1780, per conèixer l'activitat d'aquell tribunal. En primer lloc, ens plantegem conèixer quines eren les causes que atenien i la seva prelació i, a continuació, analitzar, en totes aquelles que desembocaren en litigis, els motius que les van desencadenar, gairebé tots relacionats amb les esposalles. Ara bé, hem de tenir en compte que la visió sobre aquesta problemàtica és parcial, perquè no hem d'oblidar que eren de fur mixt.Marriage Records offer a wealth of information for various fields of research, including demography, the sociology of marriage and sexuality, and even shed light on daily life. These records began to be maintained regularly in the Diocesan Archives of León in the second half of the eighteenth century. For the present study, a 25 years sample (from 1755 to 1780) was analyzed to determine the work of the ecclesiastical court of León. The aim was to determine the cases heard and the priority given to these, and then, in all those that led to litigation, to analyze the reasons that triggered them, almost all related to betrothal. It should be borne in mind that this overview of the problem is partial, because it was often subject to a mixed jurisdiction

Charity and the social visibility of the nobility in the Modern period: the Hospital of Nuestra Señora de la Piedad in Benavente

A mediados del siglo XVIII estaban funcionando en la villa zamorana de Benavente tres hospitales: el de san Juan Bautista, Nuestra Señora de La Piedad y San José, fundados en la época medieval, en el siglo XVI y en el XVII, respectivamente. De todos ellos, el de Piedad se convertiría en el centro con asistencia médica más importante del norte de Zamora y sur de la provincia de León. Pero, también tuvo otra clientela especialmente numerosa, la de los temporeros gallegos. En este trabajo, además de analizar el radio de influencia del centro, o de capitación de enfermos, estudiaremos las características de los mismos, el periodo de convalecencia o la mortalidad, haciendo especial hincapié en los diferentes colectivos que allí fueron atendidos.In the mid eighteenth century three hospitals were in operation in the town of Benavente in the Province of Zamora in Spain. These were the hospitals of San Juan Bautista, Nuestra Señora de La Piedad and San José, which had been founded in the Middle Ages, in the sixteenth century, and in the seventeenth century, respectively. Of the three, Nuestra Señora de La Piedad was to become the principal centre for medical assistance in the zone covering the North of the Province of Zamora and the South of the Province of Leon. However, it also had another, particularly numerous, group of users: seasonal workers from Galicia, who each year travelled up to the central plateau to earn a living as agricultural labourers during the summer months. This paper will address the question of the centre’s catchment area, from which its clientele came, and also will look into their characteristics, the period for which they convalesced, or their mortality rates, laying special emphasis on the various different types of patient treated there

Application of electric fields to clean ultrafiltration membranes fouled with whey model solutions

In this work, the effectiveness of electric fields to clean two ZrO2 TiO2 ultrafiltration (UF) membranes fouled with three types of whey model solutions was investigated. Membranes tested had different molecular weight cut-offs (MWCOs) (15 and 50 kDa). Whey model solutions consisted of aqueous solutions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 10 g/L, a mixture of BSA (10 g/L) and CaCl2 (1.65 g/L) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) (total protein content 45%) solutions at different concentrations (22.2, 33.3 and 150.0 g/L). The hydraulic cleaning efficiency (HCE) achieved by means of the application of the electric fields was evaluated as a function of the membrane MWCO and the operating conditions of the cleaning technique (applied potential, temperature of the cleaning solution and concentration of NaCl). The results demonstrated that the presence of NaCl favoured the removal of protein deposits on the membrane layer. On the other hand, the higher the temperature of the cleaning solution and the applied potential were, the higher HCE was achieved. Regarding the membrane MWCO, the permselective properties of the 15 kDa membrane were completely recovered after the cleaning procedure by electric field for all the feed fouling solutions tested, whereas this technique could not completely remove the protein deposits on the 50 kDa membrane when BSA solutions were used as feed.The authors of this work wish to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project CTM2010-20186 and the company MAGNETO Special Anodes B.V. for supplying the Ti-Ir electrode.Corbatón Báguena, MJ.; Alvarez Blanco, S.; Vincent Vela, MC.; Ortega Navarro, EM.; Pérez-Herranz, V. (2016). Application of electric fields to clean ultrafiltration membranes fouled with whey model solutions. Separation and Purification Technology. 159:92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.039S929915

Perfiles innovadores en la agricultura valenciana

[EN] Farmers are the main actors of innovation in the agricultural sector. This study focuses on the socio-economic profile of the Valencian farmer and his/her attitude towards innovation. Adopting a position inclined to innovate depends on multiple factors that influence bussiness management. This paper uses data from a farmers’ survey, which was designed ad hoc for the research, that considers the socioeconomic factors that make farmers take a position favorable to innovation. Later, the study focuses on a typical profile of innovative producers, according to their characteristics, taking into account market orientation, learning orientation and innovative attitude. The results show a positive contribution of level of education and location in urban areas (access to knowledge and services) to the innovative attitude.[ES] Este estudio se centra en la figura del productor agrario valenciano y su comportamiento frente a la innovación. Para ello, se usan los datos procedentes de una encuesta a productores, diseñada ad hoc para la investigación, que profundiza en los factores socioeconómicos que pueden decantar hacia una postura favorable a la innovación. Posteriormente, el estudio se centra en obtener un perfil tipo que caracteriza al agricultor según sus características y las de su explotación, según su actitud innovadora y la orientación hacia factores influyentes, como la orientación al mercado y la orientación al aprendizaje. Se observa una asociación positiva entre la actitud innovadora y el nivel de formación del agricultor y su proximidad a zonas urbanas, donde existe más acceso a conocimiento y servicios.García Alvarez-Coque, JM.; Pérez Ledo, P.; Santarremigia Casañ, E. (2014). Perfiles innovadores en la agricultura valenciana. Cuadernos de Estudios Agroalimentarios (CEA). 6:153-169. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/53592S153169

Novel dual single sided silicon strip detector chip for radiotherapy verification

A novel dual single sided silicon strip detector (SSSSD) chip was designed to meet clinical requirements in radiotherapy verification. An available design from Micron Semiconductor Ltd. (BB7, 500 µ m thick) was the base of a two-dimensional detector adapted into a special configuration with the aim of uniforming and minimizing foreing materials around the active area (64 × 64 mm2). With this purpose, two independent BB7 SSSSDs were mounted in a perpendicular configuration, separated by a 500 µ m kapton dielectric film with the same dimensions as the silicon wafers, thus minimizing air gaps in between. This new configuration, called the dual SSSSD chip design, was mounted on kapton printed circuit board (PCB). Both silicon wafers were divided into 32 strips, 2 mm width each. The aim of developing this detector was to allow 2D dose measurements, improve spatial resolution and perform radiotherapy treatment verification faster than with a previous prototype. Characteristics and performance of the novel detector are presented

The HERC1 ubiquitin ligase regulates presynaptic membrane dynamics of central synapses

HERC1 is a ubiquitin ligase protein, which, when mutated, induces several malformations and intellectual disability in humans. The animal model of HERC1 mutation is the mouse tambaleante characterized by: (1) overproduction of the protein; (2) cerebellar Purkinje cells death by autophagy; (3) dysregulation of autophagy in spinal cord motor neurons, and CA3 and neocortical pyramidal neurons; (4) impairment of associative learning, linked to altered spinogenesis and absence of LTP in the lateral amygdala; and, (5) motor impairment due to delayed action potential transmission, decrease synaptic transmission efficiency and altered myelination in the peripheral nervous system. To investigate the putative role of HERC1 in the presynaptic dynamics we have performed a series of experiments in cultured tambaleante hippocampal neurons by using transmission electron microscopy, FM1-43 destaining and immunocytochemistry. Our results show: (1) a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles; (2) reduced active zones; (3) less clathrin immunoreactivity and less presynaptic endings over the hippocampal main dendritic trees; which contrast with (4) a greater number of endosomes and autophagosomes in the presynaptic endings of the tambaleante neurons relative to control ones. Altogether these results show an important role of HERC1 in the regulation of presynaptic membrane dynamics