Towards Federalizing U.S. International Commercial Arbitration Law

Leaves of Juglans regia L. collected from two different locations [Adana (A) and Ankara (BA from Turkey were subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus to yield the essential oils (EOs). GC/MS and GC-FID analyses revealed that the A EO was rich in thymol (23.1%), while caryophyllene oxide (33.8%) was found as the main constituent of B EO. Both contained beta-eudesmol (1.4% - 9.5%), (E)-geranyl acetone (3.7% - 5.8%) and the eudesmane type constituent juglaterpene A (3.1% - 11.0%). Using a HP Innowax preparative capillary column connected to a preparative fraction collector, an unknown constituent, juglaterpene A (1, 11-hydroxy-2,4-cycloeudesmane), was isolated in a rapid one-step manner with > 94.0% purity. Structure determination was accomplished from 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data. Oil B demonstrated significant larvicidal activity against 1st instar Aedes aegypti L

Composition of the essential oils of Angelica sylvestris L. var. sylvestris isolated from the fruits by different isolation techniques

Baser, K. Husnu Can/0000-0003-2710-0231; Ozek, Temel/0000-0003-4251-8783WOS: 000259509300007The essential oils of the fruits of Angelica sylvestris L.var.sylvestris (Umbelliferae) obtained using hydrodistillation (HD), nucrodistillation (MD) and micro-steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME) techniques were analyzed by GC and GUMS. The composition of the oils depended on the isolation method employed. alpha-Pinene (25.6%,36.2% and 9.2%, respectively), beta-phellandrene (9.1%, 9.9% and 3.2%), bornyl acetate (7.3%,4.3% and 6.9%), limonene (5.6%, 4.3% and 2.1%). myrcene (4.4%, 4.0% and 1.3%), camphene (3.9%, 4.7% and 1.2%), alpha-chamigrene (3.4%,4.4% and 9.1%) and beta-sesquiphellandrene (2.5%,3.8% and 8.7%) were found as the main constituents in the oils. p-Cresol (6.5%), epi-alpha-bisabolol (5.6%), (Z)-beta-farnesene (5.5%), naphthalene (4.4%), daucene (3.1%), amorpha-4,11-diene (3.1%) and gamma-muurolene (2.5%) were also among the main constituents of the oil isolated by MSD-SPME

Effects of different nitrogen doses on thymoquinone and fatty acid composition in seed oil of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)

Black cumin, Nigella sativa L. belonging to Ranunculaceae, is a valuable medicinal plant because of the curative effects of seed and oil. Despite studies on black cumin, there are few studies on the effects of nitrogen on fatty acid composition, no records on thymoquinone yield, and the thymoquinone content of the seed oil. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen doses on the seed oil yield, thymoquinone ratio/yield, and fatty acid compositions were investigated. Field studies with nitrogen doses (0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 kg/ha) were studied using the randomized plot design. As a result of the research, nitrogen doses significantly affected the oil and thymoquinone yields while insignificant on the thymoquinone ratio. The highest oil yield with 501.6 kg/ha was obtained from 80 kg/ha of the nitrogen doses, while the highest thymoquinone yield with 10.24 kg/ha was obtained from the control plots. Thymoquinone yields were in the same statistical group with other nitrogen doses, except for means of 100 kg/ha nitrogen doses. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids were major fatty acids of black cumin, and their variations were insignificant in nitrogen applications. The values of butyric, capric, and linolenic acids varied significantly in different nitrogen doses. As a result of the study, it was determined that the highest oil yield was obtained from 80 kg/ha nitrogen application. It has been determined that nitrogen doses above 60-80 kg/ha should be avoided for the seed oil and thymoquinone yields in black cumin

Studies on black cumin genotypes of Turkiye: Agronomy, seed and thymoquinone yields

Black cumin, Nigella sativa L. belonging to Ranunculaceae family, is a valuable medicinal plant due to the taste and curative effects of seed and oil. Although there are studies on the agronomical and chemical characterization of black cumin, there is not any study on the thymoquinone yield, and the thymoquinone content in the cold pressed seed oil. The study investigated thymoquinone content in cold-pressed seed oil and the thymoquinone yield per hectare of Turkish black cumin genotypes from two cultivated Nigella species, N. sativa and N. damascena, along with their agronomic properties, seed yield, and fatty acid composition. Field studies were carried out in the same climatic and soil conditions in a randomized block design for two years. The fatty acid composition of the seed oils was analyzed by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and the amount of thymoquinone in the cold-pressed seed oil was analyzed by the Waters Acquity UPC2 system. As a result of the field and analytic studies, significant differences were observed in other agronomic characteristics, except for the number of branches. In the studies, the highest seed yield was obtained in the Genotype 3 with 2.690 kg/ha, Genotype 17 with 2.227 kg/ha and Genotype 16 with 2.003 kg/ha. However, the variations were observed in the yields under the changing climatic conditions of the years. In the study, the seed oil ratios of the genotypes varied between 33.8% and 38.4% in the first year, and between 28.8% and 38.7% in the second year, but the difference between the genotypes in the second year was statistically significant (p < 0.05). While thymoquinone was not found in the damascena seed oil samples, it was found between 0.45% and 4.57% in the cold-pressed seed oil of the sativa genotypes. Thymoquinone yields per hectare were between 1.24 and 18.41 kg/ ha. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids are the major fatty acids, and their values were found close to each other in the all genotypes. As a result of the study, the genotypes with high thymoquinone content were classified as medicine and folk medicine, and the genotypes with low thymoquinone content were classified as spice and food. It was also concluded that the sectoral classification, called bitter black cumin or sweet black cumin, is related to the thymoquinone contents in the cold-pressed seed oil.Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [TUBITAK-TOVAG-121O156]The paper has been derived from the project supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) . We thank TUBITAK for financial support (project no: TUBITAK-TOVAG-121O156)

Comparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation methods for the fruit essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare

Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD) and hydrodistillation (HD) were carried out for the analysis of volatile components in whole and ground fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Miller (fennel). Fruits were distilled using a microwave oven modified to fit a Clevenger-type apparatus. The effect of microwave energy on the yield and composition of the essential oil was investigated against the classical hydrodistillation. All the essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. (E)-anethole was found as the main compound in the oils of both whole and ground materials (82.2-86.8%) using the two methods. Methyl chavicol (4.0-4.9%) and limonene (2.2-4.9%) were also found in fennel oils obtained by HD and MWHD. The amounts of identified components in the oils obtained from whole and ground fennel fruits were not affected significantly by microwave energy except for limonene

Chemical and Biological Diversity of the Leaf and Rhizome Volatiles of Acorus calamus L. from Turkey

Two different isolation techniques, conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and micro-steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME), have been used to analyze the volatile constituents from the leaves and rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In all the samples studied, phenylpropanoids (16.9-35.3 %) predominated by beta-asarone (15.3-16.3 % in rhizomes, 23.4-31.7 % in leaves) were the main constituent. In addition to phenylpropanoids, the acorane type sesquiterpene acorenone B (7.4-16.4 %) and elemene-type sesquiterpenes, epi-isoshyobunone (3.3-7.3 %) and shyobunone (1.5-4.6 %) were detected among the major volatile constituents in the rhizomes. The monoterpenes were represented by camphor (7.5-13.9 %) and camphene (6.1-7.7 %). In the leaf, myrcene (0.3-7.1 %), limonene (1.0-5.6 %), (Z)-beta-ocimene (2.9-6.1 %) were among the major constituents. Qualitative difference of the volatiles composition in the rhizomes and leaves are discussed as well as of the volatiles obtained by HD and MSD-SPME techniques are discussed. Biological activity tests resulted in moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase effect and significant cupric reducing antioxidant potential of the leaf oil, while the rhizome oil demonstrated relatively lower effects

Chemical and Biological Diversity of the Leaf and Rhizome Volatiles of Acorus calamus L. from Turkey

Two different isolation techniques, conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and micro-steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME), have been used to analyze the volatile constituents from the leaves and rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In all the samples studied, phenylpropanoids (16.9-35.3 %) predominated by beta-asarone (15.3-16.3 % in rhizomes, 23.4-31.7 % in leaves) were the main constituent. In addition to phenylpropanoids, the acorane type sesquiterpene acorenone B (7.4-16.4 %) and elemene-type sesquiterpenes, epi-isoshyobunone (3.3-7.3 %) and shyobunone (1.5-4.6 %) were detected among the major volatile constituents in the rhizomes. The monoterpenes were represented by camphor (7.5-13.9 %) and camphene (6.1-7.7 %). In the leaf, myrcene (0.3-7.1 %), limonene (1.0-5.6 %), (Z)-beta-ocimene (2.9-6.1 %) were among the major constituents. Qualitative difference of the volatiles composition in the rhizomes and leaves are discussed as well as of the volatiles obtained by HD and MSD-SPME techniques are discussed. Biological activity tests resulted in moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase effect and significant cupric reducing antioxidant potential of the leaf oil, while the rhizome oil demonstrated relatively lower effects

Assessment of Endemic Cota fulvida (Asteraceae) for Phytochemical Composition and Inhibitory Activities against Oxidation, alpha-Amylase, Lipoxygenase, Xanthine Oxidase and Tyrosinase Enzymes

In the present work, chemical compositions of essential oil and methanol extract of endemic Cota fulvida (Grierson) Holub were investigated as well as their antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory and antimelanogenesis potent. The phytochemical analyses have been performed with GC-MS/FID and LC-MS/MS techniques. The essential oil was characterized with hexadecanoic acid (25.6 \%), camphor (6.1 \%), caryophyllene oxide (5.3 \%), 1,8-cineole (4.9 \%) and humulene epoxide (3.9 \%). In the extract, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoid dimer and flavonoids were detected. The major constituents of the extracts were found to be 5 -feruloylquinic acid, caftaric acid, 3,5-O-dicafeoylquinic acid and quercetin rutinoside. The antioxidant activities of the oil and extract were evaluated through scavenging of free radicals, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and superoxide anion radical (O2-) generated by xanthine - xanthine oxidase (XO) system. The extract showed free radical scavenging activity (IC50 0.131 mg/mL), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (1.33 mM) and inhibited (Inh. 36.3 \%) peroxidation of lipids. The oil and extract demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activity via inhibition of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase. The antiinflammatory effects of the oil and extract via inhibition of 5-LOX enzyme were found as 53.7 \% and 23.9 \%, respectively. The extract demonstrated moderate inhibitory effect (23.3 \%) on oxidation of L-DOPA via inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme

Furanocoumarin Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Inhibitory Potential of Heracleum verticillatum, Heracleum sibiricum, Heracleum angustisectum, and Heracleum ternatum Extracts against Enzymes Involved in Alzheimer’s Disease and Type II Diabetes

Hexane extracts of Heracleum verticillatum, H. sibiricum, H. angustisectum, and H. ternatum were studied for their furanocoumarin content antioxidant potential and acetylcholinesterase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Quantification of the furanocoumarins was performed by 1H-NMR. Pimpinellin was found to be the main component in the roots of all studied species. Bergapten and imperatorin were the major compounds in the fruits of H. sibiricum and H. verticillatum, respectively, while byakangelicol dominated in H. angustisectum and H. ternatum fruits. The leaf and fruit extracts of H. angustisectum demonstrated the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and TEAC (IC50 0.58 mg/mL and 1.83 mM, respectively). The root extracts of H. verticillatum and H.angustisectum were found to be the most effective against acetylcholinesterase (IC50 0.30 and 0.34 mg/mL, respectively). The studied extracts were not active or demonstrated a weak inhibitory effect (%Inh. up to 29.7) towards α-amylase.The peer-reviewed version: [http://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2899