Contemporary Sunday Hunting Laws: Unnecessary Economic Roadblocks, Ripe for Repeal

In America, Sunday closing laws, laws restricting what activities individuals could engage in, date back to the early colonial period; those early laws, like much of North American jurisprudence, trace their roots to the laws that existed in England at the time. Historically, however, laws restricting the behavior of individuals, specifically on Sundays, date back thousands of years; initially, their language was tied directly to that of the Old Testament. As God declared: [s]ix days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: But the seventh day [is] the Sabbath of the Lord thy God: [in it] thou shalt not do any work . . . For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth . . . and rested the seventh day. For centuries, per this declaration, millions of devout Christians accepted Sunday as the Lord’s Day, a day devoted solely to rest and prayer. This special status accorded to Sunday would eventually be concretely established in the black letter law of many English-speaking, Christian nations, and later, in that of both the American Colonies and the United States.These statutes, which restricted Sunday behavior of all types, became known as “Blue Laws.” Aside from laws restricting the sale and on-premises consumption of alcohol, one more antiquated Blue Law that has persisted well into the twenty-first century is the ban on Sunday hunting. As of January 2017, eleven East Coast states still banned or significantly restricted Sunday hunting. Although it is not entirely clear why Sunday hunting laws have persevered longer than most other Blue Laws, many have theorized that hunting restrictions have simply never been a pressing issue for state legislators or their respective legislatures. This Note will argue that the time is finally ripe for the total repeal of Sunday hunting laws, which have in recent years finally become a pressing issue in numerous East Coast states. It will argue that Sunday hunting laws present unnecessary economic roadblocks in, and are a threat to the forest ecosystems of, the states in which they are currently operative. In a general sense, this Note will discuss and analyze contemporary Sunday hunting laws. Part I will encompass a brief history of Blue Laws and Sunday hunting prohibitions; it will succinctly trace the evolution of these laws from their religious roots to their contemporary, secular justifications. Part II will provide an overview and analyze contemporary Sunday hunting laws, which are currently operative in eleven states, and vary drastically.Part III will include a look at the impact that hunters and hunting have on the environment. Furthermore, it will highlight the many serious environmental, ecological, and economic threats posed by deer overpopulation in the Eastern United States. Part IV will analyze past attempts to repeal Sunday hunting laws. This section will emphasize the uniform failure of constitutional challenges that litigants have brought against Sunday hunting restrictions. This section will argue that further litigation is futile. Lastly, Part V will focus on the modern debate surrounding Sunday hunting restrictions. First, it will outline in detail the arguments made by both proponents and opponents of repeal. It will argue that Sunday hunting laws should be repealed in their entirety, primarily for economic reasons, but also due to substantial environmental concerns. In conclusion, Part V will propose that there is room for compromise between hunters and nonhunters on the issue of Sunday hunting restrictions. It will point to recently passed legislation in the states of Virginia and West Virginia, and suggest that proponents of repeal—both hunters and private interest groups—should use these recent successes and legislative proposals as a blueprint for repealing Sunday restrictions in other states

Ascl3 marks adult progenitor cells of the mouse salivary gland

AbstractThe Ascl3 transcription factor marks a subset of salivary gland duct cells present in the three major salivary glands of the mouse. In vivo, these cells generate both duct and secretory acinar cell descendants. Here, we have analyzed whether Ascl3-expressing cells retain this multipotent lineage potential in adult glands. Cells isolated from mouse salivary glands were cultured in vitro as non-adherent spheres. Lineage tracing of the Ascl3-expressing cells within the spheres demonstrates that Ascl3+ cells isolated from adult glands remain multipotent, generating both duct and acinar cell types in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the progenitor cells characterized by Keratin 5 expression are an independent population from Ascl3+ progenitor cells. We conclude that the Ascl3+ cells are intermediate lineage-restricted progenitor cells of the adult salivary glands

Should GPO Pay for Positioning on Google?: Undergraduates' Success in Locating U.S. Government Information on the Web

This paper describes an exploratory study of undergraduate students' success in locating U.S. government information on the Web. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how undergraduates look for government information on the Web and to examine the problems they encounter. Ten undergraduate students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill were recruited to participate in Web searching sessions. Participants were required to locate documents and find answers to imposed questions requiring U.S. government information available on the Web. Participants answered an average of 1.7 out of four (42.5%) questions correctly. They had greater success with predictable source questions than with unpredictable source questions. Participants initiated 35 out of 40 total search tasks with a Google search. Domain knowledge, working with dates, and locating key government search interfaces such as GPO Access, Thomas, American FactFinder, and the National Center for Education Statistics homepage affected success

Study of ligand substituent effects on the rate and stereoselectivity of lactide polymerization using aluminum salen-type initiators.

A series of aluminum salen-type complexes [where salen is N,N′-bis(salicylaldimine)-1,2-ethylenediamine] bearing ligands that differ in their steric and electronic properties have been synthesized and investigated for the polymerization of rac-lactide. X-ray crystal structures on key precatalysts reveal metal coordination geometries intermediate between trigonal bipyramidal and square-based pyramidal. Both the phenoxy substituents and the backbone linker have a significant influence over the polymerization. Electron-withdrawing groups attached to the phenoxy donor generally gave an increased polymerization rate, whereas large ortho substituents generally slowed down the polymerization. The vast majority of the initiators afforded polylactide with an isotactic bias; only one exhibited a bias toward heteroselectivity. Isoselectivity generally increases with increased flexibility of the backbone linker, which is presumed to be better able to accommodate any potential steric clashes between the propagating polymer chain, the inserting monomer unit, and the substituents on the phenoxy donor

Hospitalization and Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Outbreaks, 1984–2002

Few studies have evaluated the health consequences of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella strains associated with outbreaks. Among 32 outbreaks occurring in the United States from 1984 to 2002, 22% of 13,286 persons in 10 Salmonella-resistant outbreaks were hospitalized, compared with 8% of 2,194 persons in 22 outbreaks caused by pansusceptible Salmonella strains (p<0.01)

Aluminum salen and salan complexes in the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters: Controlled immortal and copolymerization of <em>rac</em>-β-butyrolactone and <em>rac</em>-lactide

Aluminum-based salen and salan complexes mediate the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-β-butyrolactone (β-BL), rac-lactide, and ε-caprolactone. Al-salen and Al-salan complexes exhibit excellent control over the ROP of rac-β-butyrolactone, yielding atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with narrow PDIs of <1.15 for Al-salen and <1.05 for Al-salan. Kinetic studies reveal pseudo-first-order polymerization kinetics and a linear relationship between molecular weight and percent conversion. These complexes also mediate the immortal ROP of rac-β-BL and rac-lactide, through the addition of excess benzyl alcohol of up to 50 mol eq., with excellent control observed. A novel methyl/adamantyl-substituted Al-salen system further improves control over the ROP of rac-lactide and rac-β-BL, yielding atactic PHB and highly isotactic poly(lactic acid) (Pm = 0.88). Control over the copolymerization of rac-lactide and rac-β-BL was also achieved, yielding poly(lactic acid)-co-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with narrow PDIs of <1.10. 1H NMR spectra of the copolymers indicate a strong bias for the insertion of rac-lactide over rac-β-BL

C-3-symmetric lanthanide tris(alkoxide) complexes formed by preferential complexation and their stereoselective polymerization of rac-lactide

Restoring order: YIII, EuIII, and ErIII tris(ligand) complexes of a new chiral alkoxide ligand, tBu2P(O)CH2CH(tBu)OH (HL), preferentially form as C3‐symmetric diastereomers. Thus racemic HL affords (RRR)‐ and (SSS)‐[LnL3] complexes, which are active catalysts for the stereoselective polymerization of rac‐lactide to afford highly isotactic polylactic acid

Spermatogonial Stem Cells (SSCs) in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Testis

BACKGROUND: Water buffalo is an economically important livestock species and about half of its total world population exists in India. Development of stem cell technology in buffalo can find application in targeted genetic modification of this species. Testis has emerged as a source of pluripotent stem cells in mice and human; however, not much information is available in buffalo. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Pou5f1 (Oct 3/4) is a transcription factor expressed by pluripotent stem cells. Therefore, in the present study, expression of POU5F1 transcript and protein was examined in testes of both young and adult buffaloes by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis. Further, using the testis transplantation assay, a functional assay for spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), stem cell potential of gonocytes/spermatogonia isolated from prepubertal buffalo testis was also determined. RESULTS: Expression of POU5F1 transcript and protein was detected in prepubertal and adult buffalo testes. Western blot analysis revealed that the POU5F1 protein in the buffalo testis exists in two isoforms; large (∼47 kDa) and small (∼21 kDa). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that POU5F1 expression in prepubertal buffalo testis was present in gonocytes/spermatogonia and absent from somatic cells. In the adult testis, POU5F1 expression was present primarily in post-meiotic germ cells such as round spermatids, weakly in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and absent from elongated spermatids. POU5F1 protein expression was seen both in cytoplasm and nuclei of the stained germ cells. Stem cell potential of prepubertal buffalo gonocytes/spermatogonia was confirmed by the presence of colonized DBA-stained cells in the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules of xenotransplanted mice testis. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings strongly indicate that gonocytes/spermatogonia, isolated for prepubertal buffalo testis can be a potential target for establishing a germ stem cell line that would enable genetic modification of buffaloes