ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ДІАГНОСТИКИ, ПРОФІЛАКТИКИ ТА ТЕРАПІЇ КОРІВ, ХВОРИХ НА МАСТИТ

The article presents the results of the diagnosis of mastitis using California mastitis test (KMT), the treatment of the cows sick of a mastitis conducted the latest modern drugs offered in antimastitis program, which was developed by the company «Simedika» – namely antimastitisy drug «Klokserat plus MS», which was administered intracisternally and antibiotic «Norostrep». Mastitis prophylaxis performed using «Startvak» vaccine. Reducing the number of somatic cells corresponded to improve the quality of milk after mastitis treatment and prevention. At several times reduced the number of cows sick of mastitis.В статье представлены результаты диагностики маститов с помощью Калифорнийского маститного теста (КМТ), лечение коров, больных маститом, проводились новейшими современными препаратами, предлагаемыми в противомаститной программе, которую разработала компания «Симедика», а именно – противомаститный препарат «Клоксерат плюс МС», который вводили интрацистернально, и антибиотик «Норостреп». Профилактику маститов проводили с помощью вакцины «Стартвак». Уменьшение количества соматических клеток соответствовало улучшению качества молока после лечения и профилактики маститов. В несколько раз уменьшилось количество коров, больных маститом.У статті представлено результати діагностики маститів за допомогою Каліфорнійського маститного тесту (КМТ), лікування корів, хворих на мастит, проводилися новітніми сучасними препаратами, що пропонуються у протимаститній програмі, яку розробила компанія «Симедіка», а саме – протимаститний препарат «Клоксерат плюс МС», який вводили інтрацистернально, та антибіотик «Норостреп». Профілактику маститів проводили за допомогою вакцини «Стартвак». Зменшення кількості соматичних клітин відповідало покращенню якості молока після лікування і профілактики маститів. В декілька разів зменшилась кількість корів, хворих на мастит

The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: Chris Bass, Ian Denholm, Martin S. Williamson, and Ralf Nauen, ‘The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides’, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 121, pp. 78-87, June 2015. The Version of Record is available online at doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.04.004. Published by Elsevier Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc.The first neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid, was launched in 1991. Today this class of insecticides comprises at least seven major compounds with a market share of more than 25% of total global insecticide sales. Neonicotinoid insecticides are highly selective agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and provide farmers with invaluable, highly effective tools against some of the world's most destructive crop pests. These include sucking pests such as aphids, whiteflies, and planthoppers, and also some coleopteran, dipteran and lepidopteran species. Although many insect species are still successfully controlled by neonicotinoids, their popularity has imposed a mounting selection pressure for resistance, and in several species resistance has now reached levels that compromise the efficacy of these insecticides. Research to understand the molecular basis of neonicotinoid resistance has revealed both target-site and metabolic mechanisms conferring resistance. For target-site resistance, field-evolved mutations have only been characterized in two aphid species. Metabolic resistance appears much more common, with the enhanced expression of one or more cytochrome P450s frequently reported in resistant strains. Despite the current scale of resistance, neonicotinoids remain a major component of many pest control programmes, and resistance management strategies, based on mode of action rotation, are of crucial importance in preventing resistance becoming more widespread. In this review we summarize the current status of neonicotinoid resistance, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved, and the implications for resistance management.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Wild host plant preference of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

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Variation in mortality among populations is higher for pymetrozine than for imidacloprid and spiromesifen in Trialeurodes vaporariorum in greenhouses in Finland

Abstract. BACKGROUND: Insecticide resistance in Trialeurodes vaporariorum W. is unknown in the species’ northern distribution range where it inhabits mainly commercial greenhouses. Resistance development in whiteflies feeding on year-round crops in greenhouses is possible due to use of chemical treatments to back up biocontrol. We tested the response levels to spiromesifen, pymetrozine and imidacloprid in whiteflies collected from seven greenhouses within a 35 km radius in Western Finland. RESULTS: All except one (PR) population had LC50 values below the recommended concentrations for the tested compounds. However, some populations showed reduced susceptibility to pymetrozine in comparison to reference susceptible population. Resistance ratios to pymetrozine were highly variable (RR 0.5-39.7) even among closely-located greenhouses and higher than those for imidacloprid (RR 1.05-10.5) and spiromesifen (RR 0.8-11.5). LC50 values and application frequencies of pymetrozine correlated positively among the sampled populations. CONCLUSION: High variation in resistance levels to pymetrozine among populations within natural whitefly dispersal limits reflects variation in the usage of this compound among individual greenhouse crop producers. Thus, resistance management is recommended on individual greenhouse crop producer level, even in a dense production cluster.peerReviewe

Seasonal outdoor host plants as reproductive habitats for the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

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Greenhouse whitefly in the warming-up North - an evolving alien species in isolation?

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Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci and PCR multiplexing in the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Artikkelista on linkki markkeritietokantaan / There is a link to molecular markers database in the articl

Preconditioning of the generalist herbivore Trialeurodes vaporariorum to greenhouse monocultures and its subsequent performance on wild polycultures

Generalist herbivores can face many challenges when choosing their host plant. This can be particularly difficult if their choice and performance are affected by host experience. Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an invasive generalist herbivore, which has established in year-round greenhouses at northern latitudes where it cannot overwinter outdoors. It mainly uses crops such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and ornamentals as host plants. However, every summer the insect escapes greenhouses and is exposed to natural vegetation. We evaluated the performance of T. vaporariorum on diverse vegetation outside greenhouses after prolonged experience of greenhouse crops. First, we surveyed the vegetation near infested greenhouses. Development success of the insect differed among wild hosts. We identified five new hosts among 12 plant species that bore pupae and were thus considered suitable as the insect's host plants. Members of the Urticaceae and Onagraceae were the most preferred and frequently inhabited by all insect life stages. The highest abundance of insects occurred in plots with low plant species richness, independent of plant family in these habitats. We then studied experimentally the impact of 1 year of preconditioning to one of three common greenhouse crops, cucumber, tomato, or poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch), on the performance of the preconditioned adults and their progeny on four wild plants. Adults from tomato and poinsettia preferred the novel host species over the species to which they were preconditioned. The whitefly population preconditioned to cucumber was the most fecund on all offered hosts. We conclude that generalist herbivores can have large variation in performance, despite polyphagy, on novel hosts as shown by the variable abundance of T. vaporariorum pupae among outdoor hosts. Furthermore, performance of whiteflies on natural vegetation was affected by experience on greenhouse crops. Based on our observations, we provide insights and recommendations for pest management.peerReviewe