Tvångsinlösen av minoritetsaktier - en studie av minoritetens villkor

Uppsatsen behandlar minoritetens villkor vid tvångsinlösen av aktier. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om, och i så fall i vilken omfattning de i Balken-målet fastslagna värderingsprinciperna vid tvångsinlösen givit upphov till lägre lösenbelopp. Ytterligare ett syfte är att undersöka om, och i så fall i vilken omfattning de urssprungliga offentliga buden som en följd av de i Balken-målet fastslagna värderingsprinciperna satts lägre. I uppsatsen undersöks 118 skiljedomar avkunnade under perioden 1993-2005 samt intervjuas fem skiljemän. Slutsatsen dras att de i Balken-domen fastslagna värderingsprinciperna givit upphov till lägre lösenbelopp. Emellertid visar undersökningen inte på något samband mellan de i Balken-domen fastslagna värderingsprinciperna och storleken på de ursprungliga offentliga buden

Influence of Familial Renal Glycosuria Due to Mutations in the SLC5A2 Gene on Changes in Glucose Tolerance over Time

Familial renal glycosuria is an inherited disorder resulting in glucose excretion in the urine despite normal blood glucose concentrations. It is most commonly due to mutations in the SLC5A2 gene coding for the glucose transporter SGLT2 in the proximal tubule. Several drugs have been introduced as means to lower glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes targeting SGLT2 resulting in renal glycosuria, but no studies have addressed the potential effects of decreased renal glucose reabsorption and chronic glycosuria on the prevention of glucose intolerance. Here we present data on a large pedigree with renal glycosuria due to two mutations (c.300-303+2del and p.A343V) in the SLC5A2 gene. The mutations, which in vitro affected glucose transport in a cell line model, and the ensuing glycosuria were not associated with better glycemic control during a follow-up period of more than 10 years. One individual, who was compound heterozygous for mutations in the SLC5A2 gene suffered from severe urogenital candida infections and postprandial hypoglycemia. In conclusion, in this family with familial glycosuria we did not find any evidence that chronic loss of glucose in the urine would protect from deterioration of the glucose tolerance over time.Peer reviewe

Astrocyte dysfunction and neuronal network hyperactivity in a CRISPR engineered pluripotent stem cell model of frontotemporal dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most prevalent type of early-onset dementia and up to 40% of cases are familial forms. One of the genes mutated in patients is CHMP2B, which encodes a protein found in a complex important for maturation of late endosomes, an essential process for recycling membrane proteins through the endolysosomal system. Here, we have generated a CHMP2B-mutated human embryonic stem cell line using genome editing with the purpose to create a human in vitro FTD disease model. To date, most studies have focused on neuronal alterations; however, we present a new co-culture system in which neurons and astrocytes are independently generated from human embryonic stem cells and combined in co-cultures. With this approach, we have identified alterations in the endolysosomal system of FTD astrocytes, a higher capacity of astrocytes to uptake and respond to glutamate, and a neuronal network hyperactivity as well as excessive synchronization. Overall, our data indicates that astrocyte alterations precede neuronal impairments and could potentially trigger neuronal network changes, indicating the important and specific role of astrocytes in disease development

A combined photobiological-photochemical route to C-10 cycloalkane jet fuels from carbon dioxide via isoprene

The hemiterpene isoprene is a volatile C-5 hydrocarbon with industrial applications. It is generated today from fossil resources, but can also be made in biological processes. We have utilized engineered photosynthetic cyanobacteria for direct, light-driven production of bio-isoprene from carbon dioxide, and show that isoprene in a subsequent photochemical step, using either near-UV or simulated or natural solar light, can be dimerized into limonene, paradiprene, and isomeric C10H16 hydrocarbons (monoterpenes) in high yields under photosensitized conditions (above 90% after 44 hours with near-UV and 61% with simulated solar light). The optimal sensitizer in our experiments is di(naphth-1-yl)methanone which we use with a loading of 0.1 mol%. It can also easily be recycled for subsequent photodimerization cycles. The isoprene dimers generated are a mixture of [2 + 2], [4 + 2] and [4 + 4] cycloadducts, and after hydrogenation this mixture is nearly ideal as a drop-in jet fuel. Importantly the photodimerization can be carried out at ambient conditions. However, the high content of hydrogenated [2 + 2] dimers in our isoprene dimer mix lowers the flash point below the threshold (38 degrees C); yet, these dimers can be converted thermally into [4 + 2] and [4 + 4] dimers. When hydrogenated these monoterpenoids fully satisfy the criteria for drop-in jet fuels with regard to energy density, flashpoint, kinematic viscosity, density, and freezing point. Life-cycle assessment results show a potential to produce the fuel in an environmentally sustainable way

A global view of protein expression in human cells, tissues, and organs

Defining the protein profiles of tissues and organs is critical to understanding the unique characteristics of the various cell types in the human body. In this study, we report on an anatomically comprehensive analysis of 4842 protein profiles in 48 human tissues and 45 human cell lines. A detailed analysis of over 2 million manually annotated, high-resolution, immunohistochemistry-based images showed a high fraction (>65%) of expressed proteins in most cells and tissues, with very few proteins (<2%) detected in any single cell type. Similarly, confocal microscopy in three human cell lines detected expression of more than 70% of the analyzed proteins. Despite this ubiquitous expression, hierarchical clustering analysis, based on global protein expression patterns, shows that the analyzed cells can be still subdivided into groups according to the current concepts of histology and cellular differentiation. This study suggests that tissue specificity is achieved by precise regulation of protein levels in space and time, and that different tissues in the body acquire their unique characteristics by controlling not which proteins are expressed but how much of each is produced

Cutaneous nociception and neurogenic inflammation evoked by PACAP38 and VIP

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-38 (PACAP38) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) belong to the same secretin–glucagon superfamily and are present in nerve fibers in dura and skin. Using a model of acute cutaneous pain we explored differences in pain perception and vasomotor responses between PACAP38 and VIP in 16 healthy volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. All participants received intradermal injections of 200 pmol PACAP38, 200 pmol VIP and placebo into the volar forearm. Measurements included pain intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS), blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry, visual flare and wheal. Pain intensities after PACAP38 and VIP were mild and limited to a short time of about 100 s after injection. The area under the VAS-time curve was larger following PACAP38 (P = 0.004) and VIP (P = 0.01) compared to placebo. We found no statistical difference in pain perception between PACAP38 and VIP. Skin blood flow increase, flare and wheal were larger after both PACAP38 (P = 0.011) and VIP (P = 0.001) compared to placebo. VIP induced a considerably larger increase in skin blood flow, flare and wheal than PACAP38 (P = 0.002). In conclusion, we found that peripheral nociceptive cutaneous responses elicited by PACAP38 and VIP are similar in healthy volunteers. This suggests that acute pain and vasomotor responses following intradermal injections of PACAP38 and VIP are primarily mediated by VPAC receptors

A focus on aromaticity : fuzzier than ever before?

The field of aromaticity has grown five-fold in the last two decades as revealed by Merino et al. in their Perspective "Aromaticity: Quo Vadis" where they ask where the field is heading (Chem. Sci., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC04998H). Numerous computational tools for aromaticity analysis have been introduced and novel classes of molecules that exhibit aromatic (or antiaromatic) features have been explored experimentally. Hence, the aromaticity concept is broader and possibly fuzzier than ever. Yet, earlier it also triggered vigorous debates after periods when new analysis tools emerged, and it survived. Today's debate reveals that the field is vital and that new knowledge is produced. Yet, as much as we ask where the field is moving, we should ask "Aromaticity: Cui Bono?"; who utilizes the aromaticity concept and who benefits from it? Especially, who benefits from it being overly fuzzy and who does the opposite? It is an exciting debate. We should get out of it with a better understanding of the chemical-bonding phenomenon labelled aromaticity

Penetrationstestning för den oerfarne etiska hackaren : En gedigen grundmetodologi för detektering och mitigering av sårbarheter i webbapplikationer

Having a proper method of defense against attacks is crucial for web applications to ensure the safety of both the application itself and its users. Penetration testing (or ethical hacking) has long been one of the primary methods to detect vulnerabilities against such attacks, but is costly and requires considerable ability and knowledge. As this expertise remains largely individual and undocumented, the industry remains based on expertise. A lack of comprehensive methodologies at levels that are accessible to inexperienced ethical hackers is clearly observable. While attempts at automating the process have yielded some results, automated tools are often specific to certain types of flaws, and lack contextual flexibility. A clear, simple and comprehensive methodology using automatic vulnerability scanners complemented by manual methods is therefore necessary to get a basic level of security across the entirety of a web application. This master's thesis describes the construction of such a methodology. In order to define the requirements of the methodology, a literature study was performed to identify the types of vulnerabilities most critical to web applications, and the applicability of automated tools for each of them. These tools were tested against various existing applications, both intentionally vulnerable ones, and ones that were intended to be secure. The methodology was constructed as a four-step process: Manual Review, Testing, Risk Analysis, and Reporting. Further, the testing step was defined as an iterative process in three parts: Tool/Method Selection, Vulnerability Testing, and Verification. In order to verify the sufficiency of the methodology, it was subject to Peer-review and Field experiments.Att ha en gedigen metodologi för att försvara mot attacker är avgörande för att upprätthålla säkerheten i webbapplikationer, både vad gäller applikationen själv och dess användare. Penetrationstestning (eller etisk hacking) har länge varit en av de främsta metoderna för att upptäcka sårbarheter mot sådana attacker, men det är kostsamt och kräver stor personlig förmåga och kunskap. Eftersom denna expertis förblir i stor utsträckning individuell och odokumenterad, fortsätter industrin vara baserad på expertis. En brist på omfattande metodiker på nivåer som är tillgängliga för oerfarna etiska hackare är tydligt observerbar. Även om försök att automatisera processen har givit visst resultat är automatiserade verktyg ofta specifika för vissa typer av sårbarheter och lider av bristande flexibilitet. En tydlig, enkel och övergripande metodik som använder sig av automatiska sårbarhetsverktyg och kompletterande manuella metoder är därför nödvändig för att få till en grundläggande och heltäckande säkerhetsnivå. Denna masteruppsats beskriver konstruktionen av en sådan metodik. För att definiera metodologin genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att identifiera de typer av sårbarheter som är mest kritiska för webbapplikationer, samt tillämpligheten av automatiserade verktyg för var och en av dessa sårbarhetstyper. Verktygen i fråga testades mot olika befintliga applikationer, både mot avsiktligt sårbara, och sådana som var utvecklade med syfte att vara säkra. Metodiken konstruerades som en fyrstegsprocess: manuell granskning, sårbarhetstestning, riskanalys och rapportering. Vidare definierades sårbarhetstestningen som en iterativ process i tre delar: val av verkyg och metoder, sårbarhetsprovning och sårbarhetsverifiering. För att verifiera metodens tillräcklighet användes metoder såsom peer-review och fältexperiment

Patients' experiences of being operated awake in regional anesthesia

Titel: Patienters upplevelse av att opereras vaken i regional anestesi. Bakgrund: Att genomgå operation är inget ovanligt i dagens samhälle och antalet operationer ökar årligen. Den metod som blir allt vanligare är den regionala anestesin som innebär att patienten är vaken under operationen och smärtlindrad via lokalanestesi, epiduralanestesi eller nervblockering. Detta innebär att patienten befinner sig i en främmande miljö, som kan frambringa känslor av obehag och främmandeskap. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva patienters upplevelse av att vara vaken under operation i regional anestesi. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie har genomförts genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Totalt användes tio vetenskapliga artiklar som sammanställdes och analyserades enligt Bettany-Saltikov och McSherry’s (2016) analysmetod. Resultat: Upplevelsen av att vara vaken under operationen var individuell och kunde variera mellan en stressfull situation och att uppleva ett lugn. I studien framgår hur vikten av närvaro av personalen påverkar patientens upplevelse, behovet av närvaro och närhet genomsyrar hela den utsatta situationen som patienten befinner sig i både positivt och negativt. Slutsats: Genom att vårdpersonalen är närvarande och ser patienten som ett subjekt kan oro, stress och ångest lindras, detta skapas genom omtanke och tanken av att varje individ är unik. Således kan anestesisjuksköterskan genom en god relation underlätta och skapa goda förutsättningar för patienten under operation.Title: Patients' experience of being operated awake in regional anesthesia. Background: Undergoing surgery is nothing unusual in today's society and the number of operations is increasing every year. The method that is becoming increasingly common is regional anesthesia, which means that the patient is awake during surgery and pain relieved via local anesthesia, epidural anesthesia or nerve blockage. This means that the patient is in a foreign environment, which can produce feelings of discomfort and alienation. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe patients' experience of being awake during surgery with regional anesthesia. Method: The literature study has been conducted through qualitative content analysis. In total, ten scientific articles were used, which were compiled and analyzed according to the method of analysis of Bettany - Saltikov and McSherry (2016). Results: The experience of being awake during the operation was individual and could vary from a stressful situation to experiencing a calm. The study shows how the importance of presence of staff affects the patient's experience, the need for presence and closeness permeates the entire vulnerable situation that the patient is in both positively and negatively. Conclusions: By the healthcare staff being present and seeing the patient as a subject, worry, stress and anxiety can be alleviated, this is created through consideration and the idea that each individual is unique. Thus, through a good relationship, the nurse anesthetist can facilitate and create good conditions for the patient during surgery