ALTERNAIVAS DE APRENDIZAJE PARA LA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA

The investigation arises for the necessity of facilitating to the professors in alternative formation of learning with an integrative, personalized and systemic focus that contains to the necessary elements for the attention to school with special educational necessities, as way of contributing to its integral preparation according to the development areas in the physical, social, conductual and talkative. The use of the empiric methods will allow to determine the main difficulties in the teaching of the Physical Education in school with special educational necessities and the deficiencies in the integral formation, the strategy is structured starting from the modulation of the different elements that compose it after having determined the necessities and the students' interests and the objective institutionalism. Se it sustains in philosophical, educational and didactic postures that are adjusted to the educational politics in the superior education and it possesses general characteristics that they distinguish it, premises that guaranteed their efficiency, the contents and the roads for their implementation, evaluation. Making emphasis in the use of the texts martianos like one of the alternatives (interpretation, comment, significance, valuation, present time) it is without place to doubts, a process guided to the formation and education (in their widest and comprehensive meanings) that allows to improve the communication, the language, the oral expression, to promote national and universal culture, value political and ideological of the students with special educational necessities.La investigación surge por la necesidad de facilitar a los profesores en formación alternativas de aprendizaje con un enfoque integrador, personalizado y sistémico que agrupa a los elementos necesarios para la atención a escolares con necesidades educativas especiales, como modo de contribuir a su preparación integral de acuerdo a las áreas de desarrollo en lo físico, social, conductual y comunicativo. La utilización de los métodos empíricos permitirá determinar las principales dificultades en la enseñanza de la Educación Física en escolares con necesidades educativas especiales y las deficiencias en la formación integral, la estrategia se estructura a partir de la modelación de los diferentes elementos que la componen luego de haber determinado las necesidades e intereses de los estudiantes y los objetivos institucionales. Se sustenta en posturas filosóficas, educativas y didácticas que se ajustan a la política educativa en la educación superior y posee características generales que la distinguen, premisas que garantizaran su eficiencia, los contenidos y las vías para su implementación, evaluación. Hace énfasis en la utilización de los textos martianos como una de las alternativas (interpretación, comentario, significación, valoración, actualidad) es sin lugar a dudas, un proceso orientado a la formación y educación, en sus más amplias y abarcadoras acepciones, que permite mejorar la comunicación, el lenguaje, la expresión oral, promover cultura nacional y universal

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia: Departamento de Nariño

Resumen Resumiendo la temática en cuanto al acompañamiento psicosocial en escenarios de violencia es importante recalcar las diferentes problemáticas que se presentan en estos, por lo tanto fue de gran ayuda a través de una foto voz representar causas, factores de riesgo y factores protectores que permiten la sensibilización y acercamiento a una intervención psicosocial por medio de la imagen narrativa que se enfocó específicamente en los escenarios que más violencia y victimas ha dejado para brindar acompañamiento que genere una trasformación positiva a las comunidades, es importante tener en cuenta que las victimas pueden enfrentar, adaptarse y mejorar su vida haciendo grandes contribuciones al desarrollo de la comunidad, que ayuda al ser humano en cualquier situación de crisis tanto a nivel individual como colectiva. En escenarios específicos y casos relatados por las víctimas se conoce las diferentes problemáticas que se viven y sufren a diario, según las lecturas se conocen cinco casos que relatan la vulneración de derechos y las secuelas dejadas por la violencia y más los cambios que se generaron como; el empoderamiento, resiliencia perdón, justicia que permitió una trasformación psicosocial, experiencias que no solo marcaron sus vidas si no que les brindó la oportunidad de volver a vivir y convertirse en seres solidarios con su comunidad, se realiza un análisis investigativo del cual se establecen preguntas y respuestas reflexivas, circulares y estratégicas todo con el fin de realizar una intervención que mejore la calidad de vida reestructurando memorias y manejo de emociones. Así mismo también se conoce el caso de Cacarica donde se plantean estrategias a través de un análisis desde los diferentes impactos donde los grupos armados tomaron control de este territorio desplazando a miles de personas a otros lugares sin rumbo y a otras a mitad de camino comprendiendo las causas, factores de riesgo y factores protectores que permitieron establecer un plan de desarrollo como; rutas de apoyo, atención gubernamental, mejora de vías, oportunidades de educación, empleo, una atención comunitaria psicosocial, mejorando situaciones de convivencia e inclusión socialSummarizing the theme regarding psychosocial support in scenarios of violence it is important to emphasize the different problems that arise in these, therefore it was very helpful to represent, through photo-voice, causes, risk factors and protective factors that allow awareness and approach to a psychosocial intervention through the narrative image that focused specifically on the scenarios that have left more violence and victims to provide accompaniment than generates a positive transformation for the communities, it is important to bear in mind that the victims can cope, adapt and improve their lives by making great contributions to community development, which helps the human being in any crisis situation both to an individual and collective level. In specific scenarios and cases related by the victims, it is known the different problems that are lived and suffer daily, according to the readings, five cases are known that relate the violation of rights and the consequences left by violence and also the changes that were generated such as; empowerment, resilience forgiveness, justice that allowed a psychosocial transformation, experiences that not only marked their lives but also gave them the opportunity to live again and become solidarity with their community, an investigative analysis is conducted from which reflective, circular and strategic questions and answers are established, all in order to carry out an intervention that improves quality of life restructuring memories and managing emotions. Likewise, the case of Cacarica is also known, where strategies are proposed through an analysis from the different impacts where the armed groups took control of this territory displacing thousands of people to other places aimlessly and others halfway along the way understanding the causes, risk factors and protective factors that allowed to establish a development plan such as; support routes, government care, road improvement, educational opportunities, employment, psychosocial community care, improving situations of coexistence and social inclusion

Risk factors and molecular mechanisms associated with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Mexico

Abstract Purpose. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen causing an increasing number of nosocomial infections. Our aim was to evaluate the risk factors and mechanisms associated with trimethoprim– sulfamethoxazole (SXT) resistance in S. maltophilia infections in Mexico. Methodology. Clinical isolates and patients’ demographic and clinical data were collected from February 2007 to August 2015 in two tertiary-care hospitals in Mexico. Antimicrobial susceptibility and analysis of sul and SmeABC and SmeDEF efflux pump overexpression were performed in all isolates. Results/Key findings. In the 9-year period, 196 patients infected with S. maltophilia were identified. Most patients were male, and the mean age was 46.2years. The mean Charlson score was 1.42, and the most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (26.7%), type 2 diabetes (21.2%) and cerebral infarction (11.6%). High drug resistance to meropenem (93.4%), gentamicin (55.1%), ceftazidime (52.3%), cefotaxime (51.5%), amikacin (42.3%) and cefepime (32.1%), and lower resistance to ciprofloxacin (26.0%), SXT (25.0%), chloramphenicol (14.3%) and levofloxacin (2.6%) were detected. SXT resistance was not associated with the sul genes. SmeABC overexpression was associated with gentamicin (P=0.001) and levofloxacin resistance (P=0.041), whereas SmeDEF overexpression was associated with ceftazidime resistance (P=0.003). Prolonged hospitalization (�15days) was an independent risk factor for SXT-resistant S. maltophilia infections (OR=3.05; 95%CI=1.12– 8.86; P=0.029). Conclusion. Given the high SXT resistance rate, SXT is not an effective first-line therapy for our patients; instead, levofloxacin could be used as an appropriate therapeutic option against S. maltophilia infections

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Caracterización, por RAPD-PCR, de aislados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtenidos de pacientes con fibrosis quística RAPD-PCR characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains obtained from cystic fibrosis patients

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a las cepas de P aeruginosa aisladas de lavados broncoalveolares de pacientes con fibrosis quística a lo largo de un periodo de tres años. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, de seguimiento de una población de pacientes con fibrosis quística. Se utilizó la técnica de la amplificación del ADN empleando PCR con bajas condiciones de especificidad (Random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD-PCR) para la amplificación del ADN de cepas de P aeruginosa aisladas de lavados broncoalveolares de cinco pacientes con fibrosis quística, provenientes del Servicio de Neumología y Cirugía del Tórax del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de la Ciudad de México, en el periodo de junio de 1996 a junio de 2002; se establecieron los patrones de amplificación de cada aislamiento, lo que permitió la identificación precisa de todas las cepas aisladas y el estudio de la epidemiología de P aeruginosa en los pacientes seleccionados con dicha enfermedad. RESULTADOS: Se definieron 18 patrones de amplificación del ADN que permitieron identificar a cada cepa de P aeruginosa aislada en las diferentes muestras de lavado broncoalveolar; no se encontró relación entre el fenotipo de P aeruginosa (mucoide o no mucoide) y el genotipo de cada aislamiento, ya que cepas con fenotipos distintos mostraron patrones de amplificación semejantes; en nuestros pacientes se identificaron cepas con patrones de amplificación distintos a partir de una misma muestra, lo que sugiere la presencia de infecciones simultáneas por más de una cepa de P aeruginosa; se demostró que dos hermanos con la enfermedad compartían cepas con genotipos semejantes, lo que sugiere una contaminación cruzada entre ambos, y se demostró el aislamiento de cepas de P aeruginosa con genotipos semejantes a lo largo de los periodos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: La identificación mediante la caracterización genotípica de las cepas de P aeruginosa aisladas de los pacientes con fibrosis quística permite llevar a cabo estudios más precisos de la epidemiología de esta importante relación huésped-parásito.OBJECTIVE: To characterize P aeruginosa strains isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients over a 3 year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective follow-up study was carried out in a population of cystic fibrosis patients. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to amplify DNA of P aeruginosa strains isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of five CF patients from the Servicio de Neumología y Cirugía del Tórax del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexico City Chest Clinic of the National Pediatrics Institute) in Mexico City, between June 1996 and June 2002. Amplification patterns were established for each isolate to accurately identify all strains and to carry out an epidemiological analysis of P aeruginosa among the selected CF patients. RESULTS: Eighteen different DNA amplification patterns were defined and used to identify each P aeruginosa strain isolated from the different bronchoalveolar lavage samples. No correlation was observed between the different P aeruginosa strain genotypes and mucoid or non-mucoid phenotypes, as strains with different phenotypes showed similar amplification patterns. Several strains with different amplification patterns were identified in samples obtained from the same patient, suggesting coinfection with more than one P aeruginosa strain. Two siblings with CF shared similar genotypes, suggesting the occurrence of cross-contamination. Similar genotypes of P aeruginosa strains were isolated throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: Genotypic characterization of P aeruginosa strains in CF patients allows more accurate epidemiological analyses of this important host-agent relationship

β-Cyclodextrin and oleic acid increase levels of dopamine and potentiates oxidative damage in young and adult rat brain

Abstract Background Cyclodextrins are active pharmaceutical ingredients to treat neurological diseases by reducing neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to test if combined consumption of β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and Oleic acid (OA) potentiates brain antioxidant protection. Methods Four groups of young Wistar rats, grouped in 6 animals each, were treated as follows: Group (G) 1, saline solution 0.9% (control); G2, BCD (0.7 g/kg); G3, OA (15 ml/kg); G4, BCD + OA. The same design was assayed for groups of adult rats. Treatments were daily administered by oral means for five consecutive days. On the last day of administration, brains of the animals were extracted to measure dopamine, 5-HIAA, glutathione (GSH), ATPase, Lipoperoxidation and H2O2. Results Oleic acid and β-cyclodextrin upgraded the levels of dopamine, 5-HIAA and lipid peroxidation and downgraded the concentrations of GSH and H2O2 in cortex, hemispheres (striatum) and cerebellum/medulla oblongata regions. Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that combined use of oleic acid and β-cyclodextrin may increase oxidative damage in brain regions and promote alteration in dopamine and 5-HIAA amines and hence, constitutes health risks among age of subjects

Riboflavin and pyridoxine restore dopamine levels and reduce oxidative stress in brain of rats

Abstract Background Neurological disorders suggest that the excitotoxicity involves a drastic increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and the formation of reactive oxygen species. The presence of these free radicals may also affect the dopaminergic system. The aim of this work was to determine if riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6) provide protection to the brain against free radicals generated by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) by measuring the levels of dopamine (DA) and selected oxidative stress markers. Methods Male Fisher rats were grouped (n = 6) and treated as follows: group 1, control (NaCl 0.9%); group 2, 3-NPA (20 mg/kg); group 3, B2 (10 mg/kg); group 4, B2 (10 mg/kg) + 3-NPA (20 mg/kg); group 5, B6 (10 mg/kg) and group 6, B6 + 3-NPA. All treatments were administered every 24 h for 5 days by intraperitoneal route. After sacrifice, the brain was obtained to measure DA, GSH, and lipid peroxidation, Ca2+, Mg2+, ATPase and H2O2. Main findings Levels of dopamine increased in cortex, striatum and cerebellum/medulla oblongata of animals that received 3-NPA alone. The lipid peroxidation increased in cortex, striatum, and cerebellum/medulla oblongata, of animals treated with B2 vitamin alone. ATPase dependent on Ca+2, Mg+2 and H2O2 increased in all regions of animals that received 3-NPA alone. Conclusion The results confirm the capacity of 3-NPA to generate oxidative stress. Besides, the study suggests that B2 or B6 vitamins restored the levels of DA and reduced oxidative stress in brain of rats. We believe that these results would help in the study of neurodegenerative diseases

The effects of consumption of bread enriched with agave fructans, cyclodextrins and probiotics in growing mice

This study investigated the potential health effects of consuming bread enriched with agave fructans, β-cyclodextrins, and probiotics on the health of growing mice. ICR mice (35 males and 35 females) in the growth stage were used. Five diets were administered: 1) Standard (S), 2) Bread with agave fructans (FB), 3) Bread with β-cyclodextrins (CBD), 4) Bread with agave fructans + β-cyclodextrins (FB-CD), and 5) Bread with agave fructans + β-cyclodextrins + probiotics (FB-CD-P). The results showed that the FB-CD-P diet showed a decrease in dietary intake in mice. FB-containing diets showed higher fecal excretion than diet S. Blood glucose levels of female mice fed FB, CBD, FB-CD, and FB-CD-P diets exhibited a hypoglycemic effect. Histological results showed that the FB-CD-P diet presented larger mucin vesicles than the other diets. The results suggest that bread enriched with the FB-CD-P diet can provide health benefits